Protein folding

1. Flavin monooxygenase (FMO) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) are both enzymes that are involved in phase I metabolism. They are classified as microsomal enzymes that require oxygen and NADPH. These enzymes are involved in the conversion of lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic metabolites by adding molecular oxygen, which ensures rapid excretion. There are genetic variants with both classes of enzymes, which may contribute to interindividual variability in drug response. Some of the…

In BIS 102, we have discussed about hemoglobin, myoglobin, their structure, and their functionality. However, we have not really related the information into real life situation. Therefore, this paper will illustrate their nutritional aspect and how iron is so important in our daily diet. Myoglobin can be found in blood and its job is to store oxygen until our body needs it. Meanwhile, hemoglobin is also in blood, but its functionality is to transport oxygen through blood vessels from our…

One thousand- It seems to be a fairly large number, but in some cases, especially mine, it can be extremely small. The average person has from one hundred and fifty thousand to four hundred thousand blood platelets, yet there are times where I found myself with as low as one thousand of them. It was in times like those were I looked up to courageous people like Jackie Robinson, who faced difficulties head on with no fear. I quietly sat in the airport boarding gate with my eyes screwed shut,…

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and help chemical reactions occur everywhere in life and throughout body. A catalyst is a specific type of protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. In an enzyme reaction, the substance that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate. The enzyme has a special area called the active site, which is a particular point in the substrate at which a reaction occurs. The active site has specific shapes that match up with the enzymes to cause the…

The protein that was concluded was laforin isoform x4. The disease that is associated with this protein is myoclonic epilepsy of lafore (Genes and mapped n.d.). Lafora myoclonus epilepsy is a brain disorder which there is a reoccurrence of seizures (epilepsy) (Lafora progressive n.d.).This is used to explain the symptoms which include sudden episodes of involuntary twitching and muscle jerking that can affect only parts of the body or the body as a whole. This can occur while one’s body is…

Macromolecules are large molecules that are composed of smaller units. The four major macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbon is the primary component of the four macromolecules. Carbon's molecular structure allows it to bond in many different ways and with many different elements. A Monomer is an atom or small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a Polymer Different monomers make up a polymer. Polymers combine to make a molecule, and…

Homolog mecC gene Recently, mec C gene was found to confer ß-lactam resistance in SCCmecXI-carrying S. aureus. The mec C gene was found to share 70% similarity to mec A. Where as mec C encoded PBP2A homolog PBP2C, shares only 63% identity with PBP2A protein. In order to prove its role in Methicillin resistance, a knockout strain was generated.These stains have shown considerably reduced Oxacillin and Cefoxitin MICs in comparison with the wild type MRSA strain. Despite the fact that mecA and mecC…

Sequence 2 had the protein, presenilin-2-like, Equus przewalskii . The protein is also known as PSEN2 gene. This gene helps process proteins that transmit chemical signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. When the chemical signals fire to the nucleus, they turn on genes that make for the cell to grow and mature. The specific role, presenilin is known for, is processing the amyloid precursor protein. The amyloid precursor protein is found in the brain and some tissues. Presenilin gets…

Transferrin is a protein that circulates in the plasma and is encoded by the transferrin (TF) gene. The protein contains 678 amino acid residues, 19 disulfide bonds and has a molecular mass of about 80 kDa. Transferrin has a combination of alpha helices and beta sheets that form an N-terminus and a C-terminus domain (1). The iron ion that binds to the protein binds to two tyrosine, one aspartic acid and one histidine residues. In humans, the major function of transferrin is to regulate the level…

Glucose-1 (GLUT-1) deficiency syndrome is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a mutation of the SLC2A1 gene (1). The resulting dysfunctional GLUT-1 protein causes inadequate amounts of glucose to be transported to the brain and results in neurologic disorders such as childhood intractable epilepsy (1). Although introduced nearly a century ago, the ketogenic diet has gained increasing popularity within the last decade to treat epileptic seizures, especially when minimal or no improvement is…