Protein folding

central dogma is the explanation of how genetic information flows as it is passed from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA replicates and converts the information it carries into RNA, this process is called transcription. During transcription the information is passed through nucleic acids and there is no need for a change in the “language.” When RNA continues the flow of information and it is passed to proteins, this is called translation. It is called translation because the information must be…

inhibition of cell motility. Larson and Satir (1991) suggest is could be because N2+ acts initially in the cell membrane and then directly on the axoneme (cilia structure). N2+ inhibits microtubule translocation by acting on 14S and 22S dynein ( motor proteins which activity cause bending movement). However, the research carried by Larson and Satir (1991) establish that the effect of Ni2+ is predominant on 14S dynein. This gradual effect on the inhibition of cilia in paramecium is also…

2.5.5 Western blotting Western blotting was done to separate and identify the size of proteins that react with a specific antibody. After the proteins was transferred onto the PVDF membrane, it was incubated in 5% blocking solution for 1 h at room temperature with constant swirling with belly dancer (Storall Life Science). The blocking of the membrane is to prevent the nonspecific binding of the detection antibodies during next step. After that, washing of membrane was done by using 0.05% TBST…

NK-cells (natural killers) represent a heterogeneous lymphocytes population of innate immune system. They have a natural cytolytic activity, are capable of producing cytokines and chemokines and are involved in the antiviral and antitumor body control. In the quiescent state, an average diameter of NK-cell is about 8.7 microns, while in the moment of its activation it may increase its size up to 10-12 microns (Ferlazzo et al., 2004). This feature was the reason for the initial determination of…

muscular dystrophies (LGMD) is a general term used to describe a diverse cluster of neuromuscular disorders and they are usually being inherited. They are caused by mutations of certain genes which results in respective defective proteins being generated. These defective proteins are usually involved in the direct or indirect stabilizing of the membrane of the muscle. This disorder involves symptoms like primary or secondary weakening of limb and axial muscles, muscle wasting and joint…

The annulus is the outer portion of the disc that surrounds the nucleus. It is made up of 15 to 25 collagen sheets which are called the 'lamellae'. The lamellae are 'glued' together with a proteoglycans. These sheets encircle the disc and, in concert with the nucleus, give the disc tremendous axial load strength. The posterior portion of the annulus if further strengthened by the 'posterior longitudinal ligament'. This structure is the final barrier between the disc and the delicate spinal…

chromatin that holds information, and a nuclear envelope that controls the materials that pass in and out of the nucleus. The ribosome create proteins for the cell. Surrounding the nucleus are the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. These create the materials that the golgi apparatus ships. Likewise, they both use mitochondria that create energy out of food and proteins. Furthermore, both plant and animal cells have a vacuole to hold water, food, and wastes. In addition, they also…

Bacteria also known as prokaryotes are very ancient single-celled organisms; fossils show that they were widespread 1.5 billion years ago. Today bacteria make up the vast majority of prokaryotes on earth due to the unfavorable ability to adapt quickly to the surrounding environment. Bacteria have the capabilities to survive in areas of high heat, extreme cold, or even very acidic or alkaline conditions. This ability is used frequently to fend off the effects of antibiotics and antibacterial;…

Introduction The study of this experiment was the Dopamine transporter gene. This gene is associated with different brain disorders like bipolar, as well as certain behavioural traits such as ADHD.[1] Dopamine transporter gene is a presynaptic plasma protein containing different VNTRs in it’s UTR and plays an important role in restricting the activity of dopamine by rapid reuptake into the presynaptic neuron. DAT is part of Na+ and Cl- dependent family with the addition of other…

Why Do Dark Hairs Pop Up in Weird Spots? The Truth About Dark Hair Growth If it has ever happened to you, it is not something you will likely forget. You are on your way to a job interview, a first date, or other momentous event, and you catch a glimpse of it in the rear-view mirror: a dark hair randomly growing on your chin. You tweeze the hair, but it continues to grow back, like a persistent weed in a flower garden. Then, you notice another one emerging from your lower jawline. A few…