2.1.2. Alkaline hydrolysis Alkaline hydrolysis is a simple process in which the protein is solubilized by heating followed by the addition of calcium, sodium or potassium hydroxide as alkaline agents and maintaining the temperature at a range between 25-55 °C (Pasupuleti & Braun, 2010). During alkaline hydrolysis of proteins, some amino acids like serine and threonine are damaged during alkaline hydrolysis, however, tryptophan remains intact. Also, this process causes racemization of amino acids…
isomerisation. Introduction Bacteriorhodopsin is a globular protein, (Henderson, 1975) which acts as a light driven proton- pump located in the native purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. It was first discovered by Stoechenius and his lab in 1979 (Stoeckenius, 1979). Although Henderson and Unwin had already made a three-dimensional map of…
DNA cannot function without hundreds of pre-existing proteins, but proteins are produced only at the direction of DNA.To produce a protein, the building blocks are amino acids. For DNA and RNA these building blocks are nucleotides, which are composed of purines, pyrimidines, sugars, and phosphoric acid. If amino acids are dissolved in water they do not spontaneously join together to make a protein. That would require an input of energy. If proteins are dissolved in water the chemical bonds…
(acetylcholine), hormonal (gastrin), and paracrine (histamine; somatostatin) mechanisms. The prime inhibitor of acid secretion is somatostatin. Its inhibitory paracrine effect is mediated predominantly by receptors coupled via guanine nucleotide binding proteins to inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. All the pathways converge on and modulate the activity of the luminal enzyme, H+, K+-ATPase, the proton pump of the parietal cell. Parietal cells are essential to gastric secretion. Precise…
The purpose of this EEI is to create and analyse an experiment that relates to and supports the theory of osmosis in biological cells. Cells are the biological building block for all life; all living organisms have cells also. Cells provide structure, absorb nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy so that the cell can carry out specialized functions. There are two main categories with most organisms and their cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The distinctive difference…
Purpose: The overall goal of this lab was to perform a procedure on E. Coli which involved transferring genes that encoded for the green fluorescent protein into E. Coli to see if the transferred genes would make a difference on the growth and whether or not the bacteria would glow under UV light. Hypothesis: If the bacteria with the pGLO plasmid was grown on a plate containing LB and ampicillin then the bacteria will grow but not glow under UV light. If the bacteria with the pGLO plasmid was…
2.8.4 Properties The application of carrageenan as food additive depends on its performance such as forming thick solution or gels. For example, κ− carrageenan forms strong and rigid gels with potassium salts, forms brittle gels with calcium salts, clears gel with sugar addition, and exhibits syneresis. On the other hand, ι− carrageenan forms elastic gels with calcium salts, clears gel with no syneresis, and creates a gel that is freeze/thaw stable, while λ− carrageenan is not gel-forming but…
Direct Coombs test is also called Direct Antiglobulin Test or DAT. This test is used for the detection of IgG or C3 antibodies which are attached to the RBC’s surface. These antibodies are important to be detected because they might sometimes cause anemia due to destruction of RBCs. DAT is mainly done on blood samples of newborns, especially when a newborn is suffering from jaundice. • Procedure: 1. Place the sample of RBCs to be tested in a 5 % suspension of isotonic saline. 2. Using a…
extraction the proteins absorb light at 260nm and 280nm, especially the aromatic acids. 2. 250µg to nm, 250 x 1000 = 250,000ng. 3. 200ng/ml = 0.2µg/ml. 150µg/ml = 150,000µg/ml 250,000pg/µl = 250µg/ml 1mg/ml = 1000µg/ml ● 150,00µg/ml - HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF DNA ● 1000µg/ml ● 250µg/ml ● 0.2µg/ml - LOWEST CONCENTRATION OF DNA 4. Sodium dodecyl sulphate is used as a detergent, which allows the cells to release DNA by disrupting the cell and nuclear membranes. It dissolves the…
Ethanol disrupts membranes by a number of methods. In particular what you must remember is, the size and fluidity of the membrane has a lot to do with the outside and inside environment. This environment consists of how much water, salts etc are in the cell versus out of the cell. Adding ethanol disrupts much of this. 1. Ethanol is permeable to cell membranes. Because of the nature of ethanol as a chemical is it able to get into the cell very easily. This disrupts the balance of the…