Probability

that will cause harm of $1,000 with probability 10 percent, he will be liable for $100 for having committed the act. 18 Discussed liability rules suggest that it is important to know the amount of harm that is imposed by wrongful act and sanctions need sometimes to be made severe or sometimes less severe in order to reach the situation when benefits for criminal do not exceed the sanction that serves as a deterrence effect. We have mentioned that optimal probability and magnitude of sanctions…

genetic drift and gene substitution is mutant alleles, however the probability that these mutations become fixed in a population is not solely dependent on the advantageous nature of the allele, rather the probability of fixation is determined by the allele frequency, the selective advantage or disadvantage, and the effective population size. The probability of fixation for a particular allele is demonstrated by the equation where probability is equal to 1 minus the exponential of (-4Nesq)…

The organizational structure of a terrorist group determines its strengths and weaknesses and there are two categories of organization; hierarchical and networked. Groups associated with a political activity require a more hierarchical structure in order to coordinate terrorist violence with political action. Terrorist groups using the networked structure, are organized in cells so that the loss of a cell would not compromise the identity, location or actions of other cells or the organization.…

died. The unconditional probability of the hypothesis that our J. Doe died during 2000, H, is just the population-wide mortality rate P(H) = 2.4M/275M = 0.00873. To find the probability of J. Doe's death conditional on the information, E, that he or she was a senior citizen, we divide the probability that he or she was a senior who died, P(H & E) = 1.36M/275M = 0.00495, by the probability that he or she was a senior citizen, P(E) = 16.6M/275M = 0.06036. Thus, the probability of J. Doe's death…

This led to his interval estimate approach to probability: “The probability that any particular person shall ever be qualified for the employment to which he is educated, is very different in different occupations. In the greatest part of mechanic trades success is almost certain; but very uncertain in the liberal…

They also use post-market data as well as literature to support their probability of adverse events. • A product surveillance employee submits medical device reports as well as vigilance reports. They also respond to regulatory authority requests for information and generate monthly complaint trend analysis. • A quality engineer…

(enlargement, Corridors, and stepping stones) when the death probability (NP) was adjusted up or down. The simulation demonstrated, through many runs, how the population of Fenders blue butterflies would react within the different types of patches with different death rates outside the patches. As I stated before, I used the simulation to test the sensitivity of each of the three different types of patches to three different death probabilities. For each type of patch, enlargement,…

The first basic language modelling approach in IR is the Query Likelihood Model (QLM) to estimate the probability of generating the query terms as a random sample from the document. In particular, the probability $P(d/q)$ of a document $d$ conditioning on query $q$ as likelihood relevant represent the QLM models citep{ponte1998sigir}. Applying Baye 's rule on $P(d/q)$ to get: egin{equation} label{BayesQLM} P(d/q) = frac{P(q/d)P(d)}{P(q)} end{equation} where $P(q)$ could be ignored as it is…

and plugging in the correct numbers, there is a possibility of 2,598,960 hands. However, Jill does not want just any random set of cards. Jill wants a flush; this is where probability comes into play. Probability, according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is "the chance that something will happen." Jill wants to know the probability of getting a flush. Since thirteen cards in one suit and a player is dealt five cards, using the combination formula: (13!)/[5!(13-5)!] Jill can see that a flush can…

Section 1.) Introduction-Keynes’s axiom of Non -additivity Consider the following assessment made by Keynes in the A Treatise on Probability in chapter 26 concerning the use of mathematics in the social sciences and liberal arts (Keynes’s terms these moral sciences) : “The hope, which sustained many investigators in the course of the Nineteenth century, of gradually bringing the moral sciences under the sway of mathematical reasoning, steadily recedes—if we mean, as they meant, by…