Probability

back with the probability of the patient having a certain disease later in life or if they will end up passing it down to their offspring. According to What do the results of genetic tests mean? - Genetics Home Reference, an article by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, “the results of genetic tests are not always straightforward, which often makes them challenging to interpret and explain.” Results include numbers that correspond to chromosomes or a percentage of the probability of…

In queuing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an M/D/1 queue represents the queue length in a system having a single server, where arrivals are determined by a Poisson process and job service times are fixed (deterministic). The model name is written in Kendall's notation.[1] Agner Krarup Erlang first published on this model in 1909, starting the subject of queuing theory.[2][3] An extension of this model with more than one server is the M/D/c queue An M/D/1…

Unhealthy alcohol use is the spectrum from risky consumption to the alcohol use disorder, alcohol abuse and dependence. Screening and brief intervention for those with unhealthy use are among the most effective and cost-effective services that can be delivered in primary care settings. Addressing Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Primary Care is a resource for primary care clinicians who are confronted by patients with these problems daily, and who wish to successfully address these issues in their…

Variance Decomposition Analysis The variance decomposition analysis has applied to quantify the extent up to which the selected indices one influenced by each other. We can also examine the short run dynamic relationship by variance decomposition. While impulse response functions trace the effects of a shock to one endogenous variable in the VAR, variance decomposition separates the variation in an endogenous variable in to the component shocks to the VAR. Thus, the variance decomposition…

homicide as a death caused by “an injury purposely inflicted by other persons” (Bailey, 1990). Hjalmarsson investigates whether or not felony homicides versus non- felony homicides have a better deterrence effect (2012). The study shows that the probability of a variation in the murder rate is dependent on the timing of the execution. The homicide rate can change if the execution is days surrounding the incident. Monthly data is more accurate and useful than annual data. Hjalmarsson agrees with…

In 1961 Daniel Ellsberg developed the Ellsberg paradox. The Ellsberg paradox shows us that people choose to bet on known chances rather than unknown ones. Ellsberg provided this as evidence for “ambiguity aversion,” a general preference for taking known chances over unknown ones. In his experiment, Ellsberg used the following choice problem: There are two urns each containing black and red balls. Urn 1 has 100 balls and the amount of black balls and red balls is unknown. Urn 2 has 50 black and…

The quantitative process exercises probability and mathematical assessments to arrange the risks by variability and incidence (Dearfield et al., 2014). Tools that are useful in this process utilize sensitivity analysis (which the results are placed into a tornado diagram), and a decision tree…

The Challenger exploding can only be called a disaster. To add more to that, it is the worst kind of disaster, a preventable one. As with any preventable disaster, those parties who could have had an influence will unerringly look back on those actions taken and wonder what could have been done instead. This guilt and self reflection is inevitable and universal, and as such, not interesting. Instead, what is the focus of this and all similar analyses is whether such decisions should have been…

Introduction: Alka-Seltzer is a medication used to alleviate ailments such as heartburn and acid indigestion1. The ingredients that the tablet is made up of helps explain the name of the medication, the sodium bicarbonate is used to balance stomach acid, help spread the aspirin which allows the speed of absorption to increase, and reacts with citric sodium which produces carbon dioxide2. One initial observation of the Alka-Seltzer tablet and water is that when the tablet was dropped into the…

Each of the finite state is characterized by sets of two probabilities: probability transition and either continues or discrete output probability distribution density function, which defines the probability condition of emitting symbols of output from a continuous random vector of a finite alphabet[36]. The HMM have wide range of application which includes the use of gesture representation…