are made up by the building blocks of life named “cells”. They are the foundation of life and contain microscopic components called organelles which carry out complex tasks to provide the “basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms” (Wikipedia, Cell(Biology), viewed 19th March 2016, Cells can be classified into two major groups- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are organisms that do not contain a cell nucleus and have no membrane bound…
In an aqueous environment for living organisms, water is used in different ways such as solvents, temperature buffers, metabolite and the living environment. In the solvents, the oxygen atoms of water molecules attracts the cations and by extension the water molecules around it. The more water molecules being attracted the more Hydrogen ions are being formed between them. As a result of this, there is a cluster of water molecules around the ions, therefore the ions are hydrated. Anions also…
microscopic cells. Since it is a part of the Plantae Kingdom, it is made up of plant cells. Similar to animals, all plant cells are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus, for its DNA, and membrane-bound organelles. However, unlike an animal cell, plant cell membranes have an extra enclosure called a cell wall. This cell wall, composed of cellulose (a complex carbohydrate), provides the plant cell’s protection and its shape. Excluding all the organelles that are shared between animal and plant…
(Demain 1981). These micro organism live in a highly diverse environment ranging from hot springs to deep ocean sediments. In the hyper diverse environment where one can find a specialized and unique biological niche is the intracellular space between cells of higher plants acts as suite and supports the growth of microbes and the one which grows there is called as endophytes (Strobel and Daisy 2003). Endophytes The word endophyte literally means “In the plant” (Gr. endon = within; phyton =…
memories; cells are the absolute smallest building blocks of life, each manifesting a sophisticated design. Broadly speaking, the cells are divided in eukaryotes that contain membrane-bound organelles; and prokaryotes that do not (Diffen, 2007)—in short, prokaryotes are both simpler and smaller. The DNA is the molecule that possesses all the “blueprints” an organism requires at every stage of its life. Thus, replicating the DNA ensures that the design will be passed down to every newly formed…
Introduction: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect an individual’s response to drugs. This is a new field that combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop fruitful, safe medicines and doses that will be customized to a human genetic makeup. Now drugs that are available are “one size fits all,” but they do not effective for every person. It is very tough to augur that a person get benefit from drug or not, and…
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA. Understanding Human Genetic Variation Genetics is the scientific study of inherited variation. Human genetics, then, is the scientific study of inherited human variation. We study genetic material due to following reasons; 1. One reason is simply an interest in better understanding…
There are roughly thirty-seven trillion cells present in the human body. Each of these cells have a specific function to perform like propagating one’s genes or carrying oxygen towards the different parts of the body. Some of these cells make up the skeletal system which is comprised of two hundred and seven different bones. Some of these cells make up the various organs in the body like the lungs and the heart. Some of these cells are responsible for the organs responsible for procreation, the…
examined in detail in this essay. The mechanisms of this pathway, the impact of Shh on cell fate and the genetic regulation events that occur as a result will be explored. . . . . . . . . . .…
DNA is our genetic code, it is permanent and unchangeable. Epigenetics are the mechanisms that influence DNA, it is the device that inhibits or increases our gene expression. Epigenetics can be influenced by many factors, for example nutrition and stress. Although the actual makeup of our genetic code isn’t changed by these factors, the extent to which the genes are expressed can be (Rettner, 2013). Epigeneticist Moshe Szyf highlighted the ways in which different behaviors can influence…