Primary cell

Mitochondria How is it that when you hear about cells, they seem so complex? It is simply because they are very complex, even if they are small. Such a complex thing, however, needs a lot of energy to function. A lot of that energy comes from the mitochondria in each cell. Mitochondria are one of many parts in a cell that help the cell to function. These so-called parts of a cell are called organelles. The mitochondria were first discovered by Richard Altman, but was originally named…

always pairs with T. DNA is the blueprint of life. Humans have 46 chromosomes. Our entire DNA sequence is is called a genome. The average gene is 10,000 to 15,000 bases long. DNA can be extracted from many different types of samples: blood, cheek cells, urine. Alleles are forms of of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases. Genes are made up of DNA. There are about 20,000 important genes located on one of the 23 chromosome pairs found in the nucleus or on long strands…

Procreative Beneficence Definition Procreative Beneficence is a term coined by Julian Savulescu and is stated as, “Couples (or single reproducers) should select the child they could have who is expected to have the best life, or at least as good a life as the others, based on the relevant, available information” (Savulescu, 2001, 295). Breaking this principle down, it says reproducers should select a child that is likely to have the “best life.” The word, “should,” is explained by Savulescu to…

Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized, post-mitotic tissue that must withstand chronic mechanical and physiological stress throughout life to maintain proper contractile function. Muscle damage or disease leads to progressive weakness and disability, and manifests in more than 100 different human disorders, including DMD, the most common X-linked genetic disorder in humans, and BMD. Current treatment options for muscular dystrophies are disappointingly limited and focus mainly on managing…

In the online article “DNA Procedure”, the author Ian Sample explains a procedure of a DNA mitochondrial transplant to help parents who have a risk of passing on genetic diseases to their children. The procedure consists of taking the nucleus from the woman’s egg, inserted it into a donor’s egg, then fertilizing it with the husband’s sperm. This is a very controversial procedure that has been discussed for many years. The procedure is a great thing when wanting to help mothers who cannot have…

could only affect certain cells (Rakyan et al. 2011b). A more known cause for epigenetic variation would be the environmental induction later in life. This can happen for many reasons. Like through eating habits or smoking. Examples for that can be Diabetes type I and several types of cancer (Rakyan et al. 2011b).…

The article “Spying on brains in action” is about using different tools on the brains of animals and humans. Scientists have made three new tools that can help study the brain. These tools are helpful because they can show what happens in the brain even when humans and animals are moving. In order to get a good picture of the brain, people and animals need to stay still. With the help of these new tools, scientists can learn more about the living brain. Elizabeth Hillman is a biomedical engineer…

A Biotechnology company, AquaBounty Technologies engaged in the research, development, and commercialization of products using biotechnology to increase the productivity of aquaculture. In the late 1980s, AquaBounty Technologies developed first genetically modified animal, AquAdvantage salmon (Varela 2013, Greenberg 2014). AquAdvantage salmon defined as genetically-engineered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which have a rapid-growth phenotype. This salmon contain a single copy of the stably…

Prior to reading the article, I had never thought much about the external placement, or lack thereof, of the male scrotum. I was sure that it had always been that way, and there was no significant meaning for its placement. However, after reading the article, “The Scrotum is Nuts”, I agree more with the hypothesis of Michael Chance and Roland Frey, “The Galloping Hypothesis”. It is hypothesized that the external placement of the testes was due to the increase abdominal pressure from movement by…

kingdoms, they get classified into the Protist kingdom.(Article 1)”When scientists can’t figure out where to put organisms that do not match with the characteristics of a particular kingdom, they are placed in the Protista Kingdom. “All protist have cells with a nuclei. All protist live in moist environment. All protist are Eukaryotic, they can be unicellular or multicellular.…