Pope Urban II

perceived wisdom of the High Middle Ages. Particularly disastrous, as Rabb notes, was the reign of Pope Boniface VIII. During his time as pope, monarchs in France and England began taxing the church, mostly to fund their ongoing wars against one another. Naturally, Pope Boniface VIII took a strong stance against this, and as a result he made a formal declaration that monarchs were subordinate to the power of a Pope. His statement was largely deemed laughable by kings throughout Europe, and when…

sect of religion in the world, and is led by the Pope. Upon the rise of Islam in the Middle East, tension between Eastern and Western Catholics intensified. As a result of this conflict, the Roman Catholic sect broke free as an alternative to Orthodox Catholicism (Brom). The Eastern Orthodox Church undertook the role of Catholics who wanted to practice simplified Catholicism after the divergence with Roman Catholics. Rather than recognizing the Pope as their leader, Orthodox Catholicism…

believed that the pope had too much power, thought the church was too wealthy, and didn’t agree with the abuse of indulgences. Indulgences were the Catholic concept of salvation, and it is basically paying for sins. There are three ways one might pay for their sin. People could use the coffers and give money, they could pay to use relics, or working off someone’s sins. Relics are things that the popes passed off as bones, blood, or teeth of famous people from the bible. The popes would tell them…

A member of a group of Protestants that arose in the 16th Century within the Church of England, demanding the simplification of doctrine and worship, and greater strictness in religious discipline: during part of the 17th Century the Puritans became a powerful political party. Puritans were the names given to members of a church. The puritan colonists believed that the Church of England, also known as The Anglican Church, should make more reforms to remove all the traces and trappings of the…

moved to Latin to distribute the Theses. They also pushed through printing presses in all the major nations. Among other things, Luther’s Theses would call into question the limits of the pope’s authority. Particularly, Luther questioned whether the pope could remit guilt of sin and whether it was possible to grant anyone the remission of all penalties. The “Ninety-Five Theses” had asked questions and brought up points of contention that many had wanted to ask, but few had dared to. Luther was…

way these leaders went about reform was all based with their proximity to power and how radical they were, some wanted a reform from the bottom up (most radical), some wanted it from the Crown, and some just wanted to sit and a have coffee with the Pope and dissolve the issues that way. Whatever their method and reasoning was their effectiveness came from, the sum of all the different observations and interpretations of scripture. This movement put pressure on an institution that was suppose to…

Essay Question Visuality (Renaissance and Baroque) The design of St Peter’s cathedral in Rome underwent a significant evolution from the time it was begun by Bramante at the beginning of the 16th century to the construction of Bernini’s monumental colonnades and oval piazza in front of the cathedral in the middle of the 17th century. During this time a series of significant architects oversaw the evolution of its design in a changing religious context. Maderno’s façade epitomized a key idea of…

Pope Francis is the 266th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Francis’s birth name is Jorge Mario Bergoglio and he was born in Flores, Bueno Aires, Argentina on December 17, 1936. His papal name is in honor of St. Francis of Assisi of Italy. Before becoming a pope Bergoglio got his degree in chemistry and a Ph.D. in theology. In 1958, Bergoglio entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus. Bergoglio was also a teacher and he taught literature and psychology at Colegio del Salvatore and…

The papal bull ‘Unam Sanctum’ by Pope Boniface VII in 1302 was an attempt by the pope to assert papal authority in a time of conflict with the power of King Phillip “the fair” of France. The separation of church and kings had never been completely separate but this conflict brought the issue to the fore. Boniface was attempting to hold on to papal authority in a time when ‘temporal’ or Kingly power was rising and steadily overlapping with the generally accepted spiritual sphere of authority. He…

Monogamy and polygamy in marriages is a very sensitive, and judgemental subject in the modern day but one can argue that in the Roman world, both monogamy and polygamy was no dishonor. Women were “fit” to play the monogamous role, and men to play the polygamous role due to society 's outlook. .The binding upon a man and women in the Roman era was based on their marriage in which did not have to be permanent nor was based on true emotions. The marriage consistently occurred with unfaithfulness…