Pope Martin IV

Vatican’s population and labor force consists mainly of Catholic priests, nuns, guards and dignitaries but about 3,000 other workers enter the area each day. Its government type is considered ecclesiastical and its chief of state is the Catholic Pope,…

The Renaissance was a cultural and societal movement that led to the advancement of many subjects surrounding the humanities and the arts. During this time a new interest of science was also growing. Known as the Enlightenment, it was a time of scientific advancement that began to shift the human understanding of the world from the influence of faith to the lens of science. The Enlightenment was not the only era of humanity that has attempted to explain the existence of God and the origin of…

The Middle Ages lasted from around the 5th century until the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. After the fall of Rome, the government or or no single state tried to reunite the people who lived on the European continent. The Catholic Church soon tried to take over and help reunite the people. The Catholic Church was a big part of Europe. It was the only church in Europe during this time so it had a major…

The Roman Catholic Church was first established by Jesus Christ, but Jesus made Simon Peter, one of His Twelve Disciples, head of the Church. Since Jesus Christ came down to Earth, the Roman Catholic Church gained a strong presence and power in the world. As the Roman Empire grew, leaders brought Catholicism to different lands in Europe; the Roman Catholic Church expanded through these lands and as a result, the Roman Catholic Church gained great political power over these lands. The Roman…

Constantine had become emperor of Rome in 306, and was considered the most powerful in that part of the world. When he converted to Christianity had most drastic effects on the common practice of the Christian religion and including the factions. When Constantine converted to the Christian religion it was during a war with his own brother and co-emperor named, Maxentius. Before an important battle of Milvian Bridge, Constantine was convinced that he should have seek assistance and guidance from…

the First Crusade by Pope Urban II (Reilly 363). Fulcher wrote a history, split into three books, regarding the First Crusade beginning in 1101 until 1128 C.E., known as Fulcher’s Chronicles (Reilly 363). An important event regarding the First Crusade was the Council of Clermont, which occurred in the year 1095 C.E. Flutter states the possible reasoning for the chaos spreading across Europe was due to King Henry ruling Germany and King Philip reigning in France (Reilly 364). Pope Urban II, ruler…

word processing packages (Word, PDF) allow uppercase and lowercase Roman numerals as list item indicators. Roman numerals or numbers are also used in classic style watch and clock faces where the Roman number for 4 is often written as IIII rather than IV, to add symmetry and balance to the face. Quite often you can see numerals used to indicate the time on…

The Influence of Byzantine Culture on the Russian Religious Faith and Literature Byzantine heritage was the source of cultural life for Kievan Rus. Later, the territories known as Russian Empire, adopted the main principles of faith borrowed from Rus which developed into the whole system of philosophical views. Despite the fact that Byzantium fell in sixteen century, its cultural legacy continues existing today and it takes its rightful place in world culture. The main contribution of the…

Elizabeth during her reign successfully created a religious settlement which restored many of the divisions created by her predecessors. However in order to do so, she had to accept both Catholic and Protestant aspects of religion alike, which created tensions and angered those who were fully committed to their religion; this even led some to oppose the new church in attempts to change it so it was more suited to their religious views, thus acted as a barrier the church had to overcome in order…

Charlemagne was a Frankish ruler who took power of Western Europe from 768 to 814. It is no surprise that when Charlemagne became king of the Franks he expanded his kingdom with great force and the use of mounted Frankish knights. His ultimate goal was to unite all Germanic people under one kingdom and to convert everyone to Christianity. It is often believed that Charlemagne was ruthless and showed no mercy. However, because of Charlemagne’s bold leadership and rule in politics, he is one of…