Pope Martin IV

Feudal society was traditionally divided into three "estates". The "First Estate" was the Church receiving their authority from God; the "Second Estate" was the Nobility receiving their authority from the clergy; and the "Third Estate" was the commoners receiving their authority and rights from the nobility. It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and many were able to shift from the second to the first estate. The estates were also, traditionally, gender specific, meaning they are…

architecture Introduction; I choose architecture because, I grew up in Buffalo New York, and I grew up Catholic. I always loved the big Catholic Churches and how they was built. The Catholics believe to have Christ, the King of Kings, living in the tabernacle. I remember once asking my mother why the catholic churches are so much bigger than the rest of the churches, and my Mother said "Would you want a king in glorious a castle with fine designs or a normal boring house" I also was interested…

After years of hostility between the Catholic Church and France, Napoleon's leadership ushered in an era of peace between the two. When Pius VII became Pope in 1800, he signed a Concordat along with Napoleon that reinstated Catholic influence in French daily life. Napoleon completed a series of actions that appeased the papacy further, such as abolishing the calendar from the Revolution and paying Bishops’ salaries using state money. Though Napoleon believed that the Church should remain…

Renaissance Europe saw the development of the so-called new monarchies. What were the guiding principles and basic tactics of the rulers of England, France, and Spain in their efforts to centralize their states? To what extent did these rulers rely on new policies and practices? How successful were the new monarchs? In the years prior to the New Monarchy, Europe had been devastated by the Black Plague. The ruling powers needed to gain the loyalty of the people, rebuild the economy, and…

Viking raids, trade and slavery have all contributed to affect Europe in different manners. The Vikings developed Europe through raids, created a great trading economy, and spread different cultures through Europe with slavery. Although Viking raids did have several negative effects, Viking raids also aided in the development of Europe. A monk who saw the Vikings' attack on Paris in 885 described it is a very brutal raid and a letter by an English scholar,…

Tartuffe Essay In seventeenth century France, all literature had to be approved by the King before it could be published. In the case of drama specifically, many playwrights had to write several versions before it could be approved, primarily because of its offensiveness, as it was in Moliere’s case. In his efforts to please King Lois XIV, Moliere weakened the overall message of his most famous play, Tartuffe. In Moliere’s earlier copies of Tartuffe, he originally made fun of religion. In David…

Pope Urban II started the First Crusade to help Byzantine Christians, to manifest papal authority, and to provide redemption for Christian souls. Thomas Asbridge¹ in his book, The First Crusade, explains that in the advent of the First Crusade in 1095, the papacy was slowly recovering. In the events leading up to the First Crusade, Europe had undergone significant political and social upheaval. The Church was divided with Eastern Christians following Orthodoxy and Western Christians following…

The Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King persuades the white moderates to take his side because of his use of support. In the letter King talks about Hitler and this scares the white moderates into supporting him. King critiques the churches, this is something no one does at this time period. He talks about something all moderates can relate to Jesus. All of Kings support relates to his audience the white moderates to attempt to persuade them to his side. Supports his cause by…

During the Middle Ages Christianity shaped the spiritual, intellectual, and institutional development in Europe heavily. Christianity shaped the spiritual development in Europe from the fifth to the tenth century when churches sent out missionaries to attempt converting barbarians to Christianity, which in later centuries helped rid Europe of barbarianism. Because it was the most dominant religion in Europe, many attempts to purify the church were taken on by Christians attempting to unify the…

The period between the 5th and 14th centuries were known as “The Middle Ages” or Medieval period. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe didn’t have leaders or a political structure to unite the people. The Roman Catholic Church eventually became that institution along with kings, queens, and noblemen that would incite control over the people. During the Middle Ages, ordinary people like merchants, salesmen, carpenter and peasants were required to tithe 10 percent of their earnings each year…