Pope John XXI

In feudal Europe, the Catholic Church created hegemony by using excommunication to establish political control over the kings of Europe. At the end of the 10th century, Pope Gregory V condemned King Robert II of France for marrying his first cousin. Incest was considered a sin by the Catholic Church; therefore the pope did not approve. After the threat of excommunication, Robert “obeyed and married another, and his obedience affirmed Gregory’s authority.” This demonstrated how the Catholic…

While the Catholic Reformation technically started before the Protestant Reformation, the onset of Protestantism gave it a new character. Before, the church was reforming due to inner necessities, but now the church had actual issues to respond to from the Protestants (Gonzalez, Vol. 2, pg. 138). The three types of the reformation were spiritual, administrative, and doctrinal. The spiritual type included the developmentive new orders. There were the Capuchin Franciscan monastics. They were…

art, law, and religion that thrive today. Extending the Roman frontier proved to bring more conflict than it did solace, as minds of the east and west began to form conflicting Christian beliefs. The west stood rigid on the Catholic use of dominant Popes,…

Feudal society was traditionally divided into three "estates". The "First Estate" was the Church receiving their authority from God; the "Second Estate" was the Nobility receiving their authority from the clergy; and the "Third Estate" was the commoners receiving their authority and rights from the nobility. It was common for aristocrats to enter the Church and many were able to shift from the second to the first estate. The estates were also, traditionally, gender specific, meaning they are…

architecture Introduction; I choose architecture because, I grew up in Buffalo New York, and I grew up Catholic. I always loved the big Catholic Churches and how they was built. The Catholics believe to have Christ, the King of Kings, living in the tabernacle. I remember once asking my mother why the catholic churches are so much bigger than the rest of the churches, and my Mother said "Would you want a king in glorious a castle with fine designs or a normal boring house" I also was interested…

After years of hostility between the Catholic Church and France, Napoleon's leadership ushered in an era of peace between the two. When Pius VII became Pope in 1800, he signed a Concordat along with Napoleon that reinstated Catholic influence in French daily life. Napoleon completed a series of actions that appeased the papacy further, such as abolishing the calendar from the Revolution and paying Bishops’ salaries using state money. Though Napoleon believed that the Church should remain…

Although the Puritan society has become synonymous with strictness and death, its society and ideals have influenced culture throughout history. The origins of Puritanism can be traced back to the Protestant reformation and their separation from the church of England. The Puritans believed that the Church of England needed to be purified, that the church leaders had too much power and that it should be more evenly distributed throughout the church body. In the 1560s due to their beliefs, the…

and turn the loyalty and support of people to the monarchy. This was done through reduced violence, separation of church and state and giving less political power to the aristocracy while shifting some of that power to the growing middle class. (John P. McKay 2015, 437)…

Viking raids, trade and slavery have all contributed to affect Europe in different manners. The Vikings developed Europe through raids, created a great trading economy, and spread different cultures through Europe with slavery. Although Viking raids did have several negative effects, Viking raids also aided in the development of Europe. A monk who saw the Vikings' attack on Paris in 885 described it is a very brutal raid and a letter by an English scholar,…

merits. The concept of purgatory was pushed by Pope Gregory, and he explained it as a way of removing people’s postbaptismal sins which had not been forgiven before their death. According to Pope Gregory, along with acts of penance, additional penance could be received if it was given to them by a priest. This additional assigned penance would allow that individual to work off time that would otherwise be spent in purgatory. This concept, with the help of Pope Urban II, soon evolved into the…