Pope Clement VII

under the papacy of Pope Leo IX. The two cardinals bitterly argued with each other over the nature and effects of simony, which is the buying and selling of ecclesiastical privileges. Simony was being practiced throughout Europe by kings, for clergymen who pay a king and in return the king would grant them a position as bishop or abbot in their land. This reforming agenda was a threat to kings, especially the Holy Roman Emperor King Henry III who had picked the three previous popes, however…

Hannibal, originally from Spain and against Carthage led the second Punic War against Rome. His plan to win the battle against Rome in their own territory initially seemed to be working because Rome lost 40,000 members of their army. Determined not to be defeated, the Romans organized another army and gained enough strength to win. In 202 B.C.E. during the Battle of Zama, Hannibal and his army were destroyed which allowed the Romans to further expand their empire. The Ottoman Turks originated…

Protestant Reformation occurred during conflict between nation-states in Europe •First in imperial cities of Germany and Switzerland •Deep social and political divisions •Certain groups favored the reformation - like printers who were literate POPULAR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS AND CRITICISM OF THE CHURCH •The reformation could not have happened without the numerous conflicts that had risen within the church during the Renaissance. •Diet of Worms (Germany) presented the emperor with 102 oppressive…

Introduction One of my favourite churches – one that I visit almost every time I go to Rome - is Santa Maria sopra Minerva. This church of the Dominican Order of the Roman Catholic Church is located very close to the Pantheon (about 150 metres). It is considered to be the only Gothic church within the walls of ancient Rome (Sokolov, n.d.). I will briefly describe the history of this church before describing relationship between its appearance and layout and its religious uses; and highlighting…

Pope Gregory VII Often considered one of the most influential and controversial popes of the Middle Ages, Gregory VII became pope after a long career in the papal court. Historians have claimed that the papacy of Gregory VII is so important and must be emphasized, they have coined the term “Gregorian Reform”. Gregory VII played an important role in Europe during his time, and was a major contributor both before and after his election to the reform. When discussing the biography of Pope Gregory…

possible to identify that the diplomatic situation did not help his case in getting an annulment and was most certainly a hindrance. The diplomatic status was of great concern to Henry because at this time the Pope was under the influence of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry would require the Pope to allow his marriage to be annulled but due to the circumstances Charles would have a large input into the decision. Henry was greatly in love with Anne Boleyn by this time and desperately…

the previous pope, Pope Celestine V and ascending to the papacy through simony. Pope Celestine is mentioned in the inferno in the third canto, when Dante is describing Limbo. He abdicated as pope only five months in, because of political pressure in the name of Boniface. However, he was placed in Limbo because “The Great Refusal (was) impelled/by cowardice” (III.50-51). In the same way that the clergy of the fourth circle were led astray because of their irrational avarice, Pope Celestine…

of Henry VIII, divorce was not accepted by the Church of England. Fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, Henry requested the Church termination of his marriage from his first wife Catherine of Aragon, but Pope Clement VII refused. Henry and Anne secretly married and produce a child together. Pope Clement VII ready to excommunicate Henry, Henry quickly broke off relations with the Roman Catholic Church and crowned himself head of the church in England. With ties cut with the Roman Catholic Church,…

that it has been a few years since his death. The poor lady was made a widow only after a few months of marriage to my elder brother. I have always looked up to him; he was a dear soul that I kept close to my heart. Ever more my father, King Henry VII wanted to strengthen our relationship with Spain. Hence this is why I am to marry my dead brother’s wife. Through my brother’s death, may he rest in peace, I am to be crowned King of England (Biography.com Editors)! How very joyous is this news to…

the way preachers were emphasized giving money to the church rather than focusing on emphasizing faith. Martin Luther wrote a complaint to Pope Leo about this abuse and challenged all of the preachers to a debate over the theology of indulgences. This dispute was a contest between the two strong willed men and it largely ignored the theological objections. Pope Leo regarded the letter as a challenge…