Polysaccharide

Ivelisse Rivera has had her life crippled by Type 1 Diabetes since she was 22 years old. She went to the doctor 's office one day and received this dark soul-wrenching news. She remembers breaking out into tears right in front of the doctor as she knew that she would have to live an entirely new life. From that day she vowed to never eat sweets, her most favorite thing in the world; and to this day she never has. She is in her mid forties living healthy as can be with an angelic smile on her…

Prion infectious diseases: History and molecular pathology It is circa 500 BC, and Hippocrates records rare but localised outbreaks of madness within livestock; he observes that the animals’ neurological capabilities rapidly decline after years of apparent normality. When he investigates, he finds that the brains of these animals are ‘very full of dropsy and of an evil odour’. He hypothesises that this disease would be able to spread and infect humans too (McAlister, 2005). To him, this is…

Water a vital biological molecule Molecule of water Water is a substance which is transparent, odourless and colourless liquid that has a boiling temperature of 373K, freezing temperature of 273K meaning it is liquid at room temperature. Water is a compound containing 2 hydrogen atoms, but also has an oxygen molecule as well this means it has the molecular formula of H2O. The relative atomic mass of water is around 18 with “11.188% being hydrogen and 88.182% being oxygen” [1]. When bonded it…

One third of our composition of the gut microbiota resembles to our parents composition of microbiota. But after being born, the 2/3rd of our composition of our microbiota is dynamic up until the age of 3. There are several factors that affect the composition of the gut microbiota throughout our lives but it is most effective on newborns. The first factor that affects the composition of the microbiota is how the baby is delivered. (2) Vaginally delivered babies are colonized by vaginal microbes…

An Investigation into the Activity of Alpha-amylase Enzyme in Relation to Temperature and PH Introduction: The role of amylase in plants is the breakdown of starches so that they can be used as energy in the first stages of early growth (wise geek, [B] 2016). Enzymes are extremely efficient natural catalysts that are found in cells, they work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction and providing an alternative reaction pathway. Enzymes are very specific, only catalysing certain reactions…

Assessing the body condition score (BCS) of a horse is needed in order to evaluate the physical health of the horse. The ideal BCS of many horses is between a 5 and 6, while a thoroughbred in the racing industry has an ideal BCS of a 4. While the BCS of a horse is a good way to determine the overall body condition of a horse, it does not tell whether or not the horse is getting the required nutrients in the appropriate amounts. The required nutrients can be calculated into the horse’s diet based…

Are vaccines hurting our children? Did you know in the state of Ohio as long as a student presents a written note from their parent or guardian they do not have to be immunized before entering grade school. In fact, parents or guardians may deny immunization to their children for reasons of conscience, or religious convictions. Many students have went to school without vaccination just because their parent or guardian’s conscience told them not to protect their own children from deadly diseases…

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), commonly referred to as ecstasy, and methamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants, which can produce euphoria, enhanced mental and emotional clarity, sensations of lightness and floating, and other hallucinations. (Chandra et al. 2015) Due to their effects, MDMA and methamphetamine are used in Drug-Facilitated Crimes (DFC), intended to impair behaviour, perceptions, or decision-making capacity to take advantage of an impaired person without…

bacteria. Int. J. Food Micriobiol. 191, 53-59. Ainsworth, S., Sadovskaya, I., Vinogradov, E., Courtin, P., Guerardel, Y., Mahony, J., Grard, T., Cambillau, C., Chapot-Chartier, M. P., van Sinderen, D. 2014. Differences in lactococcal cell wall polysaccharide structure are major determining factors in bacteriophage sensitivity. MBio.…

Arabidopsis cell wall mutants INTRODUCTION & AIMS Plant cell walls are highly dynamic structure which is made up of polysaccharide such as cellulose. In plant cell, cellulose is synthesised at the plasma membrane by the enzyme cellulose synthase (CesA) which forms rosette structure with 18 CesA proteins in total. Mutating any of these CesA proteins is thought to interfere with the normal production of cellulose in plant. As cellulose is an important component of cell wall and is essential for…