Polymerase chain reaction

onto the penny. This process cleaned all of the dark corrosion spots away and made the copper color shine like new, which then allowed us to have a clean surface to experiment on. This was mostly a physical change but their was a slight chemical reaction because of the acidity of the vinegar. We then heated granular zinc and zinc chloride solution with the penny in a dish on a hot plate until it boiled. We removed the penny with tongs and placed it in a beaker of water, immediately noticing the…

Enzymes are protein molecules that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within the cell. In the following lab was to examine an enzyme that is found in pineapples. That enzyme is bromelain its breaks down protein into their protein into their amino acid by a process of hydrolysis. They are found in tropical areas like Hawaii, Thailand, and Brazil. For the first experiment the hypothesis was that the when gelatin was added to the water, fresh…

electrophilic substitutions. This type of reaction transforms the aromatic compound by allowing various functional groups to be attached to it. The general process of this reaction is a hydrogen on an aromatic ring, most simply an arene, being replaced by an electrophile. The substitution sometimes requires the electrophile to be produced through reaction and a base might be required to remove the hydrogen from the aromatic ring. So overall the reaction takes place in three steps. The first…

Hello I am Marcus Gonzalez a chemistry student at Texas State University and my lab partner, Colten and I where instructed to see if the combination and specific concentrations of sodium thiosulfate plus sodium hypochlorite are able to produce second degree burns on a person within 10 seconds. In order for a second degree burn to be possible we must reach a temperature of at least 56°C (133°F) in order to create burns up to third degree for the time the chemical stayed on the worker. Now the…

What is SN2? This is a Nucleophilic Substitution reaction where there are 2 components in the rate determining step. It occurs simultaneously as bonds are made and broken at the same time. During the backside attack, a nucleophile attacks the electrophile from the back and causes an inverse in configuration. This attack causes a leaving group to leave. A transition state is formed while this reaction occurs, which is when the leaving group and nucleophile are attached at the same time. What…

This demonstration is called Elephant’s Toothpaste because the chemical reaction produces a large foamy mess that looks like toothpaste squirting out of a tube. We want to do this project because we want to show how this science experiment works and tell the reactions of it. How It Works: This large demonstration uses hydrogen peroxide, sodium iodide and soap. First, we pour in the hydrogen peroxide, then the soap and finally the sodium iodide. The yeast contains an enzyme called Catalase…

as catalysts and help chemical reactions occur everywhere in life and throughout body. A catalyst is a specific type of protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. In an enzyme reaction, the substance that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate. The enzyme has a special area called the active site, which is a particular point in the substrate at which a reaction occurs. The active site has specific shapes that match up with the enzymes to cause the reactions. An example of an…

3-(4-acetylphenyl)-6-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (2) Compound 1 ( 0.01 mol) fused with p-aminoacetophenone ( 0.01 mol) at 160 oC in an oil bath for 2 h. Crystallized from ethanol to give redish brown crystals of 2, m.p. 210oC in 80% yield. Analysis for C22H14BrClN2O2, Calcd.: % C, 58.24; H, 3.11; N, 6.17, Found: % C, 58.31; H, 3.17; N, 6.20, IR spectrum (KBr, cm-1) showed characteristic absorption bands at 3380 (C-H aromatic), 1710 (C=O of acetyl), at 1690 (C=O of…

a lab itself. It was hypothesized that as the temperature was increased the rate at which the Catalase reactions would be speeded up. A 1% solution of Hydrogen Peroxide was placed in the Catalase and the speed at which the reaction occurred was measured with a stopwatch in seconds. (The stopwatch was stopped once a small filter paper disk soaked in the Hydrogen Peroxide rose) The reactions took place under four different conditions. Each condition gave different results for the speed…

Results and Discussion Reactions are never ending and always occurring in organisms, making them essential for our functioning. Enzymes are catalysts that are used to speed up these reactions. If you take for example if a person was trying to get from Point A to Point B, there are two routes; one route where you have to go over a steep hill, which would take additional time or the other route is to go around the hill and get to Point B using less time. This example is an illustration of…