Pneumocystis pneumonia

A 71-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of epigastric pain. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy performed at a local medical center showed findings of gastritis. Despite medication, her symptoms aggravated and she was referred to the Gastroenterology Department on March 6, 2016. Laboratory examinations showed Hb, 11.9 g/dL; leukocyte count, 7.84×109/L; and platelet count, 67×109/L. ESR level was 59. The CRP level was 5.83. The AST level was 55 and the ALT level was 71. The chest X-ray…

Introduction / Purpose: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU). It caused prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rate of VAP, causative microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibilities. Materials and Method: This retrospective study included patients that admitted in 12-bed ICU between January 2013 and December 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criterias…

Influenza known as The Flu can easily be spread by coughing, sneezing, eating, or drinking after someone. The virus is a serious disease and is caused by Influenza A and B viruses, it is more likely to occur during the winter time. The virus can be mild to severe and sometimes it can lead to death. The Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, headache, drowsiness, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, and lethargy (Robertson, 2016, Pg. 345). The doctors usually can diagnose if you have…

Influenza, probably best known as "the flu”, is an infectious respiratory disease. Although the disease is often mild, it can also be life-threatening and causes serious infection and death each year, usually in the winter months. 250,000-500,000 deaths annually occur due to influenza viruses1–3. Particularly elderly people, people with a weakened immune system and people with pre-existing respiratory, cardiac and endocrine diseases are affected by complications3. Due to some pre-existing…

PLAN: COPD Treatment 1. Oxygen therapy (evidence of Oxygen saturation: 92%)- Potential utilization of supplemental oxygen (if oxygen saturation below 92%) should be titrated to improve the patient’s hypoxemia with a target oxygen saturation of 88-92%. Patient interested in purchasing an oxygen saturation monitor for at home. 2. Smoking Cessation-Provided education to the patient to why breathing symptoms are present. Patient in agreement to quit smoking. Patient interested in starting…

In February 2010, before the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, unusual mortality rates of dolphins started to be recorded and researched; a fact BP uses to deny any causation of increased mortality due to the oil spill. They argue that other factors play roles in dolphin death, including exposure to fresh water, cooler climates, red tide, and diseases such as Morbillivirus and Brucella. Because of these other potential causes is it hard to say if the increase in deaths is from the oil spill, but one…

Cilia and the Protection of the Respiratory Tract Introduction Approximately twelve thousand litres of air is inhaled by one person each day containing environmental stimuli including pathogens and particles such as toxic pollutants and allergens. These must be expelled from the body as it may induce airway inflammation and infection, causing airway diseases. Mucociliary clearance acts as an innate defence against these stimuli, where cilia is a part of this mechanism. Cilia, microscopic…

Vocal Cord Dysfunction Evaluation and Outcome of Conservative Treatment Abstract Objective: This article reports evaluation of 30 patients with Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) and the outcome of conservative management program including voice therapy and breathing exercises. Study design: A prospective observational follow up study. Methods: Thirty consecutive referrals of refractory asthma patients and patients presented by laryngeal symptoms diagnosed as having VCD were assessed, treated and…

Pulmonary cryptococcosis typically occurs in immunocompromised patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Its presence in HIV/AIDS patients is associated with higher mortality [1]. Pulmonary cryptococcal infections have been reported in nonimmunocompromised hosts, including non-AIDS patients [1, 2] and children [3]. Due to advances in the diagnosis and widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids…

Exacerbation means when increased inflammation to the neutrophils and eosinophils. It also can be caused by bacterial or viral infections (pneumonia). Other environmental issues that can cause exacerbation are; air pollution and temperature changes. Once a person is considered to be in severe exacerbation, their gas exchanges are limited due to ventilation/perfusion exchange. Muscle fatigue is…