Plasmodium falciparum

1. The three treatment options function synergistically to benefit the patient with prostate cancer. The ionizing radiation causes single and double stranded breaks to the neoplastic cells DNA, this halts replication and cell function until it can be repaired. Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin that inhibits topoisomerase II, the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA. If the DNA cannot unwind, the cell will be unable to replicate, transcribe mRNA, or repair itself. If the cell is unable to repair…

II. Introduction HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The human body has CD4 (T cells) which play an important role in fighting off diseases and building human immunity. HIV significantly reduces the CD4 count level in the body making the body prone to opportunistic infections and cancer. Unlike other viruses, HIV cannot be completely removed from the body. Treatment needs to be continued throughout life.…

Over the generations, ancestors evolved different allele frequencies due to recurring natural selection. In fact, natural selection and mutation were considered the main hypotheses for the sickle gene cell. However, those hypotheses limit in explaining the entirety for the frequency of the HbS allele in human populations around the globe. The complex relationship between the HbS allele frequencies and the level of malaria prevalence support the malaria hypothesis at a global scale and further…

related to the incidence of malaria in the surrounding regions [8]. Evidence that supports the link between the amplification of malaria and sickle cell anemia is that individuals who have a HbS gene, have partial resistance to all forms of plasmodium falciparum malaria infection [8]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, where SCD is most prevalent, it is estimated that more than 230,…

responsible for over a thousand deaths every day, being possibly the single biggest killer of humans in history. Malaria Malaria is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito infected with Plasmodium Parasites. There are many Malaria parasites but the major ones that infect humans are P. Malariae, P. Ovale, P. Falciparum and P. Vivax. (Mueller et al., 2007) The female mosquito feeds on a human, injecting Sporozoites into the blood which then enter hepatocytes. The Sporozoites…

When I think about Sickle Cell Anemia, the first thing that comes to my mind is blood. When you get cut and a darkish red liquid comes out, that is called blood. Blood is a red liquid that carries nutrients, gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, and iron throughout our body. (1) Blood connects to Sickle Cell Anemia because Sickle Cell Anemia is a disease that changes the shape of our blood cells. Instead of being circle, it becomes a sickle shape. This shape can have a negative effect, but it…

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects approximately 23.6 million people globally (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators, 2015). The disorder is marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, which typically result in problems related to self-care and general functioning in social and occupational settings (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Despite the first detailed clinical description having been written in 1810 (Haslam, 1810), and…

The operations of cloning have brought out an abundance of fundamental milestones laying concrete on rearing onto the likelihood for an acceptance of therapeutic cloning. There exists a manifold quantity for the, “applications of this technology in nonhuman animal models will undoubtedly contribute in a major way to vaccine development and the unraveling of teratological and genetic problems in human development as well as impacting wildlife conservation efforts” (Wolf, Meng, Ely, & Stouffer,…