Plasmid

D-alanyl-Dalanine, so its stronger than penicillin (Dancer, 2001). In these antibiotics resistance happened through the nature of bacteria, which have chromosomally mediated β-lactamase able or skilled to destroy the structure of lactam ring and through plasmid transferred β-lactamases (Dancer, 2001). Cephalosporins (cefotaxime) third generation counter resistance from carbapenemases and AmpC β-lactamases. β-lactamases with carbapenem hydrolysing action have ability to deactivate spectrum of…

In 2007 I received my bachelor’s degree in medicine and surgery from the Arab Medical University. It was at this time I got the chance to work at the Tripoli Medical center where I was assigned to the department of cardiothoracic surgery. This sharpened my skills and understanding of medicine. I was an active member in attending conferences and lectures. It is also at this time I worked in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit for eighteen months dealing with patients, who were mainly…

through Gene Therapy and Selective Breeding Gene Therapy → explain the processes involved Gene therapy is the process of altering an existing gene in the DNA and inserting it into cells in an organism to fix genetic disorders or diseases. In humans, gene therapy is the process in which some of the defect cells or the cells carrying the disease are removed from the body (eg. lung cells in a Cystic Fibrosis patient) in order to harvest their DNA. The base sequence of their DNA is then altered to…

Edible vaccines Abstract Vaccines are widely used in the whole word. The death rate caused by the infectious organisms has been greatly reduced by the use of vaccines. However traditional vaccines have side-effects. Recently a newer approach to overcome the problems of the traditional vaccines has emerged. Edible vaccines can be better alternatives to the traditional vaccines as they can solve all the problems associated with traditional vaccines. For the production of edible vaccines gene of…

Cystic fibrosis is a severe, but rare genetic condition. It usually surfaces at a young age and affects lungs and the digestive system in which mucus builds up. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation reported roughly 70,000 cases worldwide. Patients with this condition are predisposed to infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacteria causes infections in the lungs as it favors conditions with large amounts of mucus, typical for cystic fibrosis patients. The bacteria adapts and grows in this unique…

Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes have been stated in species of gram-negative bacteria. The ESBL enzymes are commonly plasmid mediated and are able of hydrolyzing and inactivating a wide-ranging variety of β-lactams, including third-generation cephalo-sporins, penicillin and aztreonam, but are vulnerable to β-lactamase inhibitors for example clavulanate, sulbactam and tazobactam…

Quavian Belton Biochemistry I Dr.Nicholas Panasik October 6, 2015 PCR Optimization Abstract A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a reaction that is set to catalyze the amplification of a copy of a piece of DNA. The aim of this lab was to optimize a PCR reaction by finding out the optimum concentration of MgCl2 needed. Six reactions were set up four with varying concentration MgCl2 and two primer control groups. The volumes and concentrations of each component of the PCR…

breakthrough in genetic engineering, but it can effectively cure genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and SCID and some acquired diseases like cancer. Gene therapy is carried out by packing a section of DNA into a vector, such as a virus or a plasmid, which is carried into the patient’s affected cell. Soon after, the new DNA is expressed and the correct proteins are produced, treating the genetic disease. There are two types of gene therapy: somatic…

ASSIGNMENT # 3: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 1. Antimicrobial resistance is MAINTAINED in the environment by Selective Pressure. Discuss 3 types of selective pressure and how each could be avoided. One type of selective pressure is the use of antibiotics to treat viral infections. This could be avoided by educating the public that antibiotics do nothing for a viral infection. Doctors should also stop giving into patient’s demand for antibiotics for a viral infection.…

A common approach to this method includes combining a bacteria, commonly E. coli, and the cell that contains the specific gene that the scientist wants to clone into a plasmid that acts as a cloning vector that can carry foreign DNA into a cell to replicate. The combination of the plasmid and cell results in Recombinant DNA, a molecule that includes DNA from 2 different sources, which is then put into the bacteria cell. The bacterial cell reproduces through cell division to form…