Pilus

Type IV pili are a family of appendage protein filaments that are assembled on the surfaces of many different microorganisms, such as bacteria and archea. The wide range of diverse microorganisms within the type IV pili family indicates that there must be both a common evolutionary origin, as well as a versatile functionality (Giltner, Nguyen and Burrows 2012). The formation of type IV pili occurs when the enzyme PilD, first recognized in the bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, catalyzes the breakdown of proteins into smaller subunits (i.e. smaller polypetides and amino acids), as well as N-methylation of the first amino acid of the pilin subunit, the major subunit of the type IV pili (Strom and Lory 1993). Type IV pili are often found…

One possible scenario for the transfer of the toxin-coregulated pilus to B. subtilis is the fertilization of crops using human waste. Waste contaminated with V. cholerae cells could be used to fertilize crops that have B. subtilis growing on their roots, acting as an anti-fungal. Since V. cholerae are gram-negative, they would be unable to produce a spore in the event of a lack of resources, leading to the lysis of the cells. This would release the genetic material of V. cholerae, perhaps with…

4. There are many processes that bacteria use to survive. The key to their survival is their ability to genetically diversify. Bacterium diversity has had many years to develop. Bacteria were some of the first organisms on earth, and have developed many means through which they can adapt to changes in their environments. The first way bacteria can become genetically diverse is through mutations. A mutation is a process that changes a DNA sequence. This change can be passed on to future…

pathogenicity island is a 40 kilobase DNA segment that is composed roughly of 27 genes, of which a portion are utilized for the formation of type four secretion system, this secretion system attaches to β1 integrins in the surface of the epithelial cells within the stomach [12, 13]. The cag pathogenicity Island contains a variety of genes that are crucial for the formation and structure of the pilus of the type four-secretion system, which includes CagL and CagI [8] [12]. Cag Pathogenicity…

leads to tissue destruction in periodontitis. So this could be important in f.alocis pathogenesis. Proteins that play an important role in the amino acid metabolism are seen in f.alocis . although it lacks some inherent amino acid synthesis pathways it could alternate through protein degradation with the help of these proteases and peptidases. Also f.alocis has proteins responsible for ornithine catabolism and urea breakdown. So we can say that f.alocis has a wee developed nitrogen assimilatory…

process starts by copying the DNA of the bacteria. Then the transverse wall forms to help divide the cell. The transverse wall is made up of the plasma and cell wall that grow to eventually divide the cell. Once the cell divides it causes there to be two identical cells rather than just one (Berg, Martin, Solomon, 2008). Bacteria reproduce sexually through conjugation. The actual sexual reproduction is done through the step called conjugation. Conjugation is where two different bacteria cells…

The first step in phage infection is the attachment of the phage to the host cell surface. This is typically accomplished by the recognition of a receptor on the outside of the bacterial cell wall such as an antigen, pilus or other structure. There is much variability from phage to phage in terms of which receptor they bind to. Bacteriophage can generally be classified into two categories, lysogenic and lytic (virulent) (Fig 6). The choice between the lytic and lysogenic cycle depends on the…

Microbiology Conjunction Conjugation is the course by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct interaction. It can be defined as the direct transfer of DNA form one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The donor is F+ and the recipient is F-. they are attached through a conjugal bridge. The pilus then attractions the two separate bacteria together. Now, the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium. During the process of…

nicknamed themselves Marius' Mules due to the amount of gear they had to carry. Essentially, this new model helped shorten the army’s logistical tail, which sped advances and reduced supply vulnerability. Additionally, the legionary standards of the Eagle, wolf, minotaur, horse and boar were reduced to a single standard. The Eagle, representative of the god Jupiter, replaced all others as a single symbol of pride, duty, and loyalty among the soldiers. The cohorts were comprised of six to ten…

According to World Health Organization, 100,000 to 120,000 people die each year and three to five million people are infected a year (Daniel, 2017) . The development of cholera is very important to understand how the disease evolves. Vibrio cholerea is a gram-negative bacillus, facultative anaerobe that can survive in water or under halophilic conditions for long periods of time (Martinez, Megli, & Taylor, 2010). It is surrounded by a protective outer membrane and is composed of pili and a…