Physical chemistry

a key role in the metabolism. Its applications for all forms of life include: as a nutritional supplement, in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and as a nutritive feed for poultry and livestock. Selenium Physical and Atomic Properties A number of selenium exists with different physical and chemical properties. For that reason, selenium exists in a number of allotropic forms. There are two main allotropes of selenium, one is an amorphous red powder and the other is a bluish with a metallic…

Damaged hair, as much as it hurts to say this, all hair eventually becomes damaged in some way. Damaged hair is a problem because as hair follicles start to dry out and split, your hair’s natural instinct is to try and take care of itself with it’s natural oils. Those natural oils are what we call: hair grease. The more damaged the hair is, the more oils come out to try and help it get back to a good shape. The problem with that is, with hair styling and extra product, those oils don’t help your…

1.0. Synopsis The objective of this experiment is to use the gravimetric method to determine the concentration of sulfate. Gravimetric analysis is a method used to determine the mass or concentration of a substance by measuring a change in mass. To determine the concentration of the sulfate, the precipitation of Barium sulfate is done first by adding the sulfate solution with hydrochloric acid, then heating while stirring it. Next is the washing and filtration of the Barium Sulfate precipitate,…

Abstract In this study equilibrium isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of ciprofloxacin on seven sediments in a batch sorption process were examined. The effects of contact time, initial ciprofloxacin concentration, temperature and ionic strength on the sorption process were studied. The Kd parameter from Linear sorption model was determined by linear regression analysis, while the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) sorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms by…

background information on this experiment I will start by saying that a balanced chemical equation provides several important pieces of information about a chemical equation. Those important pieces include the substances consumed and formed, the physical states of the reactants and products, the reaction conditions, and the relative amounts of reactants and products involved in the reaction. During this experiment my group will be working towards identifying the molar mass of an unknown metal as…

manometer. The two parts of this experiment will determine the number of moles of oxygen and the second part will determine the number of moles of nitrogen, that will lead to determine the value of R by measuring P, V, and T. Theory/Principles A physical law such as Boyle’s law states that P, the exerted fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature and V, the volume have a relationship. Their kind of relationship is V=f(P) relationship and it is believed that PV go together to remain constant. A…

The liquids that were tested are water, ethanol, kerosene, and liquid detergent. The physical property of water is significantly similar to ethanol. On the other hand, kerosene is a complete opposite of water. This is because water and ethanol are polar molecules while kerosene is a non-polar molecule. Additionally, liquid detergent has been…

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), universally referred to as lime water or slaked lime is formed by reacting hydrated lime (calcium oxide, CaO) with water (H2O)[1] CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⇌ Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔHr = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO) Calcium hydroxide is an economically favorable alkaline reagent to neutralize acid as it yields 2 moles of (OH)2 for every 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 (which is slightly soluble in water) when compared to sodium hydroxide [1] and it may separate from the solution ‘constant agitation must…

CHAPTER – 1 1. INTRODUCTION Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with cylindrical nanostructure. Constructed with length-to - diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000 :1. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. Nanotubes are members of fullerene structural family. Nanotube’s walls are formed by one-atom thick sheet of carbon called Graphene. The combination of…

The Calorimetric Determination of Enthalpy and Entropy Changes of the Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Sulphate Decahydrate Abstract Sodium sulphate decahydrate thermally decomposes to anhydrous sodium sulphate at 50⁰ C and cools to form anhydrous sodium sulphate. Using Hess's Law the enthalpy and entropy changes of this process can be determined in order to deduce the spontaneity of the reaction. The transition temperature was determined by melting the hydrated crystals at 50⁰ C and allowing…