Photosynthetic pigment

2011 Shahbaz et al., 2011, 2012; Adebooye et al., 2012; Perveen et al., 2012a). Photosynthesis is one of the most severely affected processes during salinity stress (Sudhir and Murthy, 2004), which is mediated by decreased chlorophyll pigment, damage the photosynthetic apparatus and decreases the activities of Calvin cycle enzymes (Monakhova and Chernyadev 2002), inhibition of rubisco and closure of stomata, thereby, decreasing the CO2 pressure (Bethkey and Drew, 1992). Under saline…

by two membranes, which together are termed the ‘envelope’. Inside are two distinct features: a complex organisation of folded and inter connecting membranes, called thylakoids and a protein- rich fluid region called the stroma. The proteins and pigments involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis are allocated on the thylakoid…

There are two different ways that electron flows, cyclic and noncyclic (linear). Noncyclic Electron flow is important for processes such as the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, since it is the key to the energy transformation in these mechanisms (Campbell 195). Linear/Noncyclic electron flow occurs mainly during light reactions of photosynthesis by having the flow of electrons go through the photosystems and other molecular components that are built into the thylakoid membrane (Campbell 195). They…

Avocado is a very nutrient dense fruit, which is grown in warm climates and enjoyed by many people. It is a very versatile fruit, being used in dips, as a substitute for butter, or even made into pie. The versatility of avocado makes it easy to incorporate into a diet, and thus makes it easy to take advantage of the many health benefits of avocado. These benefits may include: maintenance of healthy cholesterol levels, reduced risk of cancer and eye disease, improved digestion, and many others…

3. Algae bloom process the microbes involved in Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic microorganisms, which vary from small, single-celled microbes to complex multicellular forms. Though algae bloom is considered as natural phenomena, but nutrient pollution can increase their frequency, duration and intensity. After getting adequate nutrition, the algae can grow rapidly in warm and slow moving water. The rapid increase in number causes the bloom to turn water noticeably green, but other…

Coral reefs are Anthozoans. Scientists classify them as animals. They are the largest class of organisms in the phylum cnidarian. There are more than six thousand species. Coral reefs are communities of living things. They are known as the “rainforests of the oceans.” This is because there are sea slugs, oysters and many other creatures living there. Corals are animals related to anemones and jellyfish. They extend their tentacles to sting. A polyp is an individual coral consisting of a stomach…

systems). The inner membrane forms a border from the Stroma and it allows materials to enter and exit the Chloroplast. The outer membrane is “permeable” to ions, which can diffuse easily, and its not permeable to proteins. Chloroplasts contain a green pigments called Chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight and uses the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. A by-product of this reaction is Oxygen because it is freed from the water during this chemical reaction. Similarly to…

In general, enzyme thermostability is an intrinsic property, determined by the primary structure of the protein. However, external environmental factors including cations, substrates, co-enzymes, modulators, polyols and proteins often increase enzyme thermostability. With some exceptions, enzymes present in thermophiles are more stable than their mesophilic counterparts. Some organisms produce enzymes with different thermal stability properties when grown at lower and higher temperatures. There…