Photophobia

An 18-year-old male is brought to the emergency department after suffering from yet another headache. The headaches are abrupt in onset, last for about an hour or so, and then subside for some time before the next episode occurs. The patient has had about three to five episodes per day for the past week and describes the pain as a 10/10 that localizes to either side of his head during an episode but never is felt on both sides at the same time. Associated symptoms during these episodes include a…

Bone is a major component of the human body which provides structural support, protects vital organs, and stores minerals such as calcium. As the body ages, the process of bone remodeling maintains bone mass; however, bone resorption may eventually overcome formation leading to osteoporosis and subsequent musculoskeletal disorders.1 Approximately ten million individuals in the United States, particularly those 60 years of age and older, are diagnosed with osteoporosis each year.2 This condition…

Characteristics of Vision in Children with CVI The visual system is a powerful and complex tool for understanding and perceiving the world. It has many aspects and dimensions that change throughout an individual’s lifetime. Therefore, it is unsurprising that there are many stages of vision at which perception can become impaired. Cortical (or cerebral) visual impairment (CVI) refers to any impairment or loss of vision brought about by damage to the brain or the central nervous system, rather…

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a self-limited multisystemic disease of unknown etiology that typically causes fever and acute inflammation in young children. It is also referred to as "mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome," because of its involvement of the mucous membranes, skin, and lymph nodes. It has 3 stages that lasts about 12 days which are comprised of the acute, subacute, and convalescent phases. This syndrome may result in the complication of damage to the coronary arteries, due to inflammatory…

Despite recent media attention, public awareness campaigns, and mandatory trainings in public school systems, concussions remain a conundrum. Concussions are complex medical events potentially resulting in a sequelae of issues. Ramifications range in scope and severity across medical, emotional, social, and academic domains. The definition of a concussion differs across medical disciplines and the general public (3). Although the definition varies across different medical subspecialties,…