Photon

Circular Dichroism (CD) fundamentals. CD is defined as the difference between absorptions of left (Al) and right (Ar) circularly polarized light beams, CD=Al-Ar For each absorption band, the CD of two enantiomers are always exactly opposite. Theory. For each electronic transition one can define an electric (µij≠0) and a magnetic (mij≠0) transition dipole. Both can lead to absorption of radiation, the intensity of which is directly related to the oscillator strength f, fij≈| µij |2+ | mij |2 In…

Research question: To what extent is the maths behind the double pendulum correct and what are its limitations due to chaos theory. Chaos theory is the idea, in simple terms, that certain natural events and occurrences are unpredictable in their behaviour. Examples of this are: weather, turbulent flow in certain liquids and even the double pendulum. These things can be explored and determined mathematically just how unpredictable they are and under what conditions they may become predictable,…

Table of content Introduction Two dimensional electron system Hall geometry Classical interpretation of IQHE Quantum mechanical interpretation of IQHE Significance of IQHE References Introduction The integral quantum hall effect (IQHE) was first discovered by Klaus von Klitzing and coworkers in 1980. It was demonstrated by two dimensional electron system in a device called metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), under low temperature and large magnetic…

2.5. Color Temperature Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in a variety of fields such as lighting, photography, videography, astrophysics, manufacturing and publishing. In generally the hues of light generated are either warm (yellowish) or cool (bluish) and measured in degrees of Kelvin (K) 2.5.1. Technical Definition The color temperature of a light source is defined as the color temperature of a black body radiator that radiates light of…

To facilitate an accurate description of the localized d and f electrons in the solids, the self interaction correction is introduced. Within the LSDA, the spurious self-interaction tends to underestimate their localization. In SIC-LDA formalism, the localized electrons see a potential (SIC potential) different from that of the delocalized ones for which the self-interaction vanishes and whose potential therefore reduces to that of the LSDA. It is known that self-interaction is important only…

Being known as “The Father of the Atomic Bomb” is a great accomplishment. To have this association as well as being known as “The Pope,” “The Prophet,” and “The Admiral” to his associates, an individual must be intelligent and have a background that allowed them to grow and prosper in physics (Latil 113). The man with this honor is Enrico Fermi and without him, who knows what would have happened in World War II. Enrico Fermi had multiple experiences and obstacles in his life, but all of the…

General relativity is fundamentally incompatible with quantum mechanics- they have been at odds with each other since its discovery in 1915- relativity breaks down at the subatomic level and vice versa. A conjecture by two physicists may finally reconcile relativity with quantum mechanics and put an end to the chain of inconsistencies began by Hawking’s information paradox. Albert Einstein first discussed the concept of quantum entanglement in a 1935 paper co-written with his colleagues Boris…

Introduction: Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics, is the branch of physics that uses quantum theory to predict and describe the properties of a physical system. While chemistry is the science of composition, properties, structures, and reactions of matter; it is also known as the ‘central science’. While reading the book Alice in Quantumland by Robert Gilmore, one is able to link the two together, causing a curiosity to learn more. It is amazing to see how the two correlate and…

Albert Einstein designed his own laws of nature. He changed the way we use to see light, gravity, and time. Most scientists in our day in age agree with what Albert Einstein has declared, but some scientists seemed to not understand what he was saying. Albert Einstein gave scientists the ability to know that atoms and molecules exist through Brownian motion. Albert was one who experimented the photoelectric effect in which he established that light has both a wave and a particle. Light particles…

Abstract Henry Cavendish was a man of extraordinary intelligence but had a crippling social anxiety condition that isolated him from most all human interaction. He was born into a family of English Dukes on both his father and mother’s side and later became one of the wealthiest people in England. He was well educated and attended the best English schools but did not hold any type of formal degree. After college, Henry began following his father’s scientific footsteps. Being a follower of…