Photon

Interpretation of the NOESY: (Nuclear Overhauser Effect) spectrum of 1-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl)azepan-2-one (3a) is as follows. Strong coupling interaction of protons of 2nd and 4th position in 1-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl)azepan-2-one (3a), was not so strongly observed in COSY because it involves long range coupling i.e. protons attached between 2nd and 4th carbon atom. Hence, we studied NOESY to know the spacial interaction between these two protons. Thus, the…

For devices on Nano scale classical physics usually cannot explain transmission of electron through the insulating barrier with higher potential energy than kinetic energy of the tunnelling electrons and in this case the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle takes place. Barrier penetration can be explained from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle: If we were to say a particle cannot enter a barrier, we would actually say this particle is not there, i.e. its position uncertainty is Δx = 0 in the…

The purpose of the experiment, “Charge to Mass Ratio for an Electron”, was to measure the charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) for an electron. This lab was performed to help students further understand the characteristics of an electron in regards to various things such as its magnetic field strength and velocity. By using a Daedalon (e/m) Apparatus paired with Helmholtz coils and a glass bulb filled with helium gas, students were able to observe electrons travelling in a circular path. This is due to…

orn in Odessa, Russia in 1904, George was raised by his mother and father who were both teachers, until he was nine-years-old when his mother died. Neither were science teachers, but they helped George to learn how to speak Russian and French. He also learned German and English. Nineteen years old, and one year after the founding of the USSR, George went to the University of Leningrad to study physics. He and his friends would often discuss quantum mechanics which was cutting edge science at…

Daniel Bernoulli was born on February 8th, 1700 in Groningen, Netherlands, and was known as the “Archimedes of his age”. His parents were Johann Bernoulli and Dorothea Falkner. His father was a medical doctor and a well known mathematician, and his mother was born from a wealthy family in Basel, Switzerland. Daniel had two brothers, Nicolaus and Johann (II), and also had an uncle, named Jacob Bernoulli, who was also a leading mathematician. When his uncle died, leaving the chair of mathematics…

In the early part of the 19th century the scientific community was in the midst of a debate regarding the nature of light, specifically whether it was a particle or a wave. Isaac Newton argued that light behaved like a particle whilst a man by the name of Christian Huygens argued that light was in fact a wave. Unfortunately, as Newton was the president of the Royal Society at the time and many other scientists would simply take what he said to be the truth, this meant that few scientists of the…

What if I told you that a laser can reach the earth all the way from space? You’d think it’s pretty cool right? Well it just so happens to be completely true! Scientists have created lasers to communicate from basically anywhere, and I’m here to tell you how it works. A laser shoots out a diverging beam that goes through the transmitter lens that creates a “well focused beam”. The well focused beam then goes through the receiver lens into the receiver diode. This is called laser communication.…

“Matter, though divisible in an extreme degree, is nevertheless not infinitely divisible. That is, there must be some point beyond which we cannot go in the division of matter… I have chosen the word “atom” to signify these ultimate particles.” – John Dalton. John Dalton is a British chemist who was born in September 6, 1766 in Eaglesfield, England and died on July 26, 1844 in Manchester, England. At the age of 12, he started teaching at a Quaker school in Cumberland. Dalton worked as a farmhand…

Physics: Analogy of Light and Sound Light and sound share many common aspects. Today, we will study some of notable similarities and differences between the two. We can perceive both light and sound. We see through eyes and hear through ears. Both light and sound are waves. Light is an electromagnetic wave whereas sound is a mechanical wave. Light is created by interaction of electric and magnetic field. It does not require any medium for propagation, so it can propagate in free space. On the…

WHAT IS NMR SPECTROCOPY? By definition, NMR spectroscopy is a research technique that makes use of the fact that certain atomic nuclei exhibit magnetic property to determine their chemical and physical properties for various uses that we’ll discuss later. History of NMR Spectroscopy Year Individual Discovery 1921 Stern and Gerlach Basis of quantum theory is confirmed by carrying out atomic and molecular beam experiments 1925 Ulhenbeck & Goudsmith Discovered the concept of spinning…