Phospholipid

INTRODUCTION About 2400 years BC, Hippocrates advised: “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food” (Rishi 2006). Herbal medicines are used as a method of diseases treatment all over the world, especially in some countries like Iran. Advantages, such as less adverse effects, therapeutic efficacy, and lower final prices, make them a good alternative source for synthetic drugs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs used to treat joint, bone, and muscle…

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body’s own immune system erroneously attacks the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans located in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in a high level of glucose in the blood. Insulin is needed to transport blood glucose (sugar) into cells. The sugar is then stored in the cells and used later for energy. “In these duties, insulin acts as a regulator of gene transcription” (Cox, 688). When beta cells produce too little or,…

The human body has two major circulatory systems: the blood and lymphatic systems. Although the blood vascular system and the lymphatic system operate in parallel and share some anatomical features, the two vascular systems have had very different fates in science and medicine, as they display distinct structural and functional features. While the blood system has been extensively studied and examined, the lymphatic system has been neglected and considered as less important compared with the…

fibre towards the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). An action potential occurs like this: 1. A sensory nerve cell detects a stimulus (e.g. heat, touch, pain, etc.) 2. The cell begins to depolarise, with sodium ion channels in the phospholipid membrane opening at a particular place on the membrane allowing sodium ions (Na+) to enter. 3. If the threshold of excitation is reached (approximately 15millivolts), all sodium ion channels open and the membrane rapidly depolarises. The…

Breastmilk is the most natural form of nutrition for an infant. Breastfeeding offers many benefits for both mother and child with few disadvantages. The personal decision to breastfeed is one that is made with major consideration toward benefits and negative impacts that mother and infants experience. While there are many different formulas available that promote nutritional values, breastmilk offers nutrients that are not found in these formulas. Breastfeeding also creates a bond between mother…

In Metaphor and Thought, Hugh Petrie and Rebecca Oshlag argue that “metaphor is one of the central ways of leaping the epistemological chasm between old knowledge and radically new knowledge” (Petrie and Oshlag 583). Scientists compare cognitive domains in order to apply widely “idealized cognitive models” to previously unexplained natural phenomena (Kövecses 173). In absorbing “truly new forms of knowledge and understanding,” learners construct, reject, and accept metaphorical comparisons of…

INTROCUCTION After its discovery by Dr. Peter Barth in 1983, Barth Syndrome was originally thought to affect less than 200 males worldwide. Barth conducted his initial study on his patients after noticing a disturbing pattern of early infant death within a single family, none of which survived past 42 months. These individuals suffered from symptoms that included, but were not limited to, dilated cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, and skeletal myopathy. Many patients experienced moderate to severe…

myocyte to contract and shorten it must receive a stimulus allowing myosin and actin to interact. This stimulus comes from the depolarization of the cardiac cell membrane (sarcolemma) at the cell surface. The sarcolemma is composed of a hydrophobic phospholipid membrane that prevents…

The Ebola virus is gaining worldwide fame due to its sensational outbreak originating from Sierra Leone. The outbreaks of the virus have been recognized and effectively dealt with in the past, but the present outbreak is becoming a overwhelming challenge. Approximately there have been 15,000 suspected cases of the disease and 6,000 confirmed deaths so far. The horrifying visual hemorrhagic symptoms caused by the Ebola virus include internal and external bleeding as well as the fear inducing…

Anatomy of cerebral cortex: Brain is most complex organ in human body. The ability of brain for its functioning normally is manifestation of various activities it takes participation in various activities of day to day life, being it hidden from the view or perceptible, like walking, smelling, thinking, laughing, speaking, and hearing. These manifestations are results of very coordinated and complex electrical and chemical activity within and between the cells those makes up our brain. Abnormal…