Phospholipid

Helicobacter pylori is correlated with the malignant transformation of the gastric epithelial cells. It has been correlated with a variety of condtitions that serve as a precursor for gastric carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the different factors that enable Helicobacter pylori to colonize and damage the stomach epithelium, which are directly linked to Helicobacter pylori-induce gastric carcinogenesis. These factors include cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA), Vacuolating toxin A (vacA),…

indicators; microbial biomass carbon and microbial enzyme activities, chemical indicators; soil pH, soil nutrients, soil organic matter and active carbon, physical indicators; bulk density and aggregate stability. To study biological indicators, the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) measurement has become one of the most common methods that have used to study soil microbial communities. Frostegård et al. (2011) indicated there are two approaches to interpret PLFA data by filtering PLFA pattern…

it contains fewer nutrients and waste materials than the blood that entered inside of it. The liver also produces bile at (600-1000 mill a day. Bile is a yellow- green pasty material containing water, bile salts, acids, pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes. The liver also produces blood proteins, cholesterol, and sugars. The liver is composed as storage for vitamins, hormones, cholesterol, minerals, sugars, and release them into the bloodstream. The gallbladder is about the…

Hyperlipidemia is an abnormally high level of blood lipids and lipoproteins (LeMone, 2015, p. 867). There are two categories of hyperlipidemia: primary and secondary. Primary hyperlipidemia is due to a genetic defect. “There may be a defective synthesis of the apolipoproteins, a lack of lipoprotein receptors, defective receptors, or defects in the handling of cholesterol in the cell that are genetically determined” (Porth, 2011, p. 407). Secondary hyperlipidemia is initiated by other diseases…

Late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive function that interferes with daily activities [38](Holtzman et al., 2011). The neuropathology involves neurofibrillary tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques which obstruct proper synapse function and lead to neuronal cell loss and atrophy [5](Ballard et al., 2011). The most crucial risk factor is age; the risk doubles…

with or without molecular oxygen3. Serratia Marcescens is a gram negative bacterium. Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell of a single layer of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. The outer membrane is surrounded by special phospholipids composed of fatty acids called lipopolysaccharides that are attached to a glucosamine…

Biological functions: The main biological functions for CRP to determine via its ability to identify pathogens and injured cells of the host and mediate their elimination via activating the complement system and phagocytic cells (Brundish and Baddiley,1968 ; Weiser et al., 1997). CRP binds to microorganisms and mediates their killing to more recent observations of protection against bacterial pathogens in CRP transgenic mice. The most significant evidence has supported the notion that CRP plays…

Diet refers to a person’s food consumption and requisite supply chemical energy for cellular processes, organic molecules for biosynthesis that is; macromolecule production, and essential nutrients. Our diet maybe habitual that is; it consists of the same proportion of nutrient every day; usually balanced. Due to various reasons a person may restrict their diet to obtain versatile desired results for example weight loss. A balanced diet should contain 2/3 carbohydrates (including roughage), 1/6…

The development of advanced microscopes has enabled scientists to further their investigation on the criteria for life. As a result, biologists have been confronted with a baffling question: is there a size limit on life? If so, then just how small can something be before it can no longer be considered alive? Ever since the discovery of nano-sized particles called “nanobacteria” or “nanobes”, researchers have been scrambling to unravel and analyze the mysterious functions of these purported…

Carbon dioxide is emitted through many means, both naturally and by different human activities. Plants play a crucial role in limiting the abundance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In general, photosynthesis can be explained by the following formula: 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP → C6H1206 + 602. Using the carbon dioxide present in their environment, water from their roots, and energy from sunlight, a plant is able to continue to grow and conduct cellular respiration through this process. But how…