Phosphate

of this reaction. In order for this occur, Ser102 has to be deprotonated. X-ray crystallography has been used to examine the mechanism of alkaline phosphatase. In this study, two new x-ray structures of AP in the presence and absence of inorganic phosphate were obtained and refined to 1.75 Å (9,16). By analyzing these new findings, clarification has been made regarding the activation of Ser102 and the requirement of magnesium ion in catalysis. This theory states that magnesium ion binds to a…

(2006). Protein/DNA/inorganic materials: DNA binding to layered α-Zirconium phosphate enhances bound protein structure and activity. Advanced Materials18: 939-942. Bhambhani, A. and C. V. Kumar (2008). Enzyme-inorganic nanoporous materials: differential scanning calorimetric studies and protein stability. Microporous and…

to relate the amount of light absorbed with the concentration of the solution. After gaining knowledge about these two parts of the lab, one will be able to determine how a Spectrophotometer 20 can be helpful in determining the concentration of phosphate in colas.3 A spectrophotometer is used to obtain measurements of the amount of light that passes through a object and to measure the amount of light absorbed by a certain material. In order to do this,…

small subunit (cbbS, ~14kDa) (L8S8). The cbbII operon consists of the structural genes that encode Calvin cycle enzymes: fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (fbpB, ~37kDa), phosphoribulokinase (prkB, ~32kDa), transketolase (tklB, ~72kDa), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapB, ~37kDa), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (cfxB, ~39kDa), and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) large subunit (rbpL, ~51kDa)…

Introduction Phosphorus is one of the key elements necessary for the growth of plants and animals (1). That is why having the right levels of phosphorous in the water is so essential. If too much phosphate is present in the water the algae and weeds will grow rapidly, may choke the waterway, and use up large amounts of precious oxygen (in the absence of photosynthesis and as the algae and plants die and are consumed by aerobic bacteria.) The result may be the death of many fish and aquatic…

Introduction: Kidney stones, also known as renal lithiasis, are a common urinary tract disorder that often results from concentrated crystallized minerals in the urine. These minerals can include anything from calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, to uric acid. Since the kidney stone has to travel through the urethra, it can be extremely painful depending on the size and shape. There are however many preventative actions to combat the formation of kidney stones. Most people have their own home…

reaction scheme of AP is presented in Figure 2. Figure 2: Kinetic reaction scheme of alkaline phosphatase (11). Under the hydrolysis reaction, free phosphate and an alcohol molecule are released from the active site. The rate-determining step of this reaction is pH dependent. Transphosphorylation has similar initiate steps as hydrolysis. However, phosphate cannot exit the active site, and it will transfer to an acceptor. This will form a new phosphomonoester molecule. Figure 3: Two metal…

Introduction Water is a chemical compound comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom and is written in the chemical equation form of H2O. Water has a tetrahedral molecular shape which is also known as tetrahedral electron pair geometry (Ophardt, 2003). This arrangement is due to valence electron pairs, mutually repelling each other at a 109.5-degree angle. This repulsion is caused by a non-bonding pair of electrons and two hydrogen atoms which in turn repel against each other to form…

Muscle fatigue is the decline in physical ability to generate force. This can be caused by vigorous exercise over an extended period of time. The muscles need to have maximum voluntary action to perform actions. Muscle fatigue is when the muscle activity exceeds the tissue substrate and oxygenation capacity. (Biology-online.org, 2009) caused by persistent actions or the repeated action over a long period of time. There are two main energy systems within the body. A system with oxygen used,…

The generalized process of digesting a large meal consists of consumption of food, progression through the digestive tract, absorption of nutrients, and secretion of waste. The process seems far from complex; however, at the cellular level digestion transpires in much more intricate detail. The human body must be supported by organic compounds that provide chemical balance. The steps and regulations of cellular digestion allow for generation of high energy products. Carbohydrates are the…