Phosphate

food source contains mostly fructose, then a special pathway for just fructose is utilized by the cell. In this pathway, the fructose is converted into fructose 6-phosphate with the help of the enzyme hexokinase. The fructose 6-phosphate can then be used in glycolysis just like glucose because glucose gets turned into fructose 6-phosphate in the third step of glycolysis. Fructose is often found in synthetic sources of carbohydrates such as high fructose corn syrup. Research regarding the effects…

3.1: Ligand preparation: A series of benzimidazole derivatives were used to prepare the ligand dataset using benzimidazole as the query molecule. All the inhibitors selected comply with the Lipinski rule of five. A total of 50 molecules were taken up for the study. 3.2 Virtual screening: To further screen the compounds, additional similarity metrics were calculated by ROCS. ROCS is a shape based superposition method used to perceive similarity between molecules based on their three dimensional…

proximal and distal tubule. In the distal tubule, 1,25(OH)2D and PTH regulate calcium reabsorption through an active mechanism that is very similar to the calcium absorption mechanism in the intestinal cells. When calcium levels are low, secretion of phosphate is increased and calcium absorption is increased. In contrast, when calcium levels are high, PTH stimulates calcium reabsorption and the urinary excretion of…

Essay: Introduction: “Is the use of laboratory animals for drug testing is justified?” Animal testing is a practise that has been done for many years for the fundamental purpose of investigating problems and side effects that may occur when using a chemical substance or a drug on the human body. Rather than testing it on a human the scientist tests this substance on an animal closely related to humans with both genetics and structure e.g. apes and orang-utan. After this is done, the scientist…

blue and green algae is a huge problem right now, because of the heat, it keeps on reproducing this fatal mush. 1960 was the most polluted it's ever been, so much pollution they protested to make the lake better. The lake was full of Nitrogen and Phosphate. Dead fish littered the shoreline, the lake was remembered as “dead lake’’. The United States signed a treaty with Canada called the Lake's Water Act in 1972. They attempted to lower the amount of pollution entering the lakes. Most of the…

syndrome, also known as glycogen storage disease type V (GSD V) is a rare genetic autosomal recessive disease of the muscle tissue or myopathy caused by the body’s inability to produce phosphorylase; “an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen.” (Taber’s Cyclopedic medical Dictionary). Without it, sugar or glycogen stored in the muscles cannot be used to produce energy resulting in fatigue, severe muscle pain and cramping after momentary exercise. “Typically,…

Preparation of Standard Similarly the varying concentrations of standard (Diclofenac sodium) were prepared mainly 50, 150, 250, 500 and 1000μg/ml by using 10000 μg/ml as stock. 1.6. Preparation of Phosphate buffered saline Dissolve 28.80 gm of disodium hydrogen phosphate and 11.45 gm of potassium di hydrogen phosphate in sufficient water to produce 1000…

are trapped in a repressive and unequal society. The narrator of “The Yellow Wallpaper” is a submissive and humble woman. She is faced with a situation that seem innocent and natural, but actually that is oppressive. As she states, “[she] takes phosphates or phosphites - whichever it is” based on the instructions of her husband. In order to please her husband, she attempts to ignore her growing frustration and mental illness instead of consisting her own opinion of mental illness. She changes…

The city response to add chlorine to kill the bacteria initially lead to its own suit of problems of which are less discussed. The chlorine reacted with organic matter in the water forming a common class of disinfection byproducts, trihalomethanes (THMs), which are tasteless and odorless known carcinogens (1999). THMs can be taken into the body via drinking and adsorption through the skin (Hood, 2005). Therefore, not only is drinking the water a concern, but now, the water is damaging just to be…

solution aliquots of 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,0.10 µ/mlwere withdrawn in 10 mL volumetric flask and diluted up to the volume with methanol and phosphate buffer (ph 7.4) solutions to give concentrations of 2,4,6,8,10 g/mL. Absorption of each solution as calculated at 227.2 nm ,223nm using Elico SL 210 UV-1700 UV Visible double beam spectrophotometer and methanol as well as phosphate buffer (ph 7.4) as a reference standard correspondingly. Compatibility studies The compatibility of drug and polymers…