Phosphate

A cell membrane consists of phospholipids. These are two fatty acid chains attached to a phosphate head. The phosphate head is hydrophilic (polar), which means it likes water, however, the tails are hydrophobic (non-polar) which means doesn't like water. The phospholipids either form a micelle or bilayer structure. In the structures, the heads face towards…

The purpose of this experiment is to examine the extraction of the DNA material that was extracted from the Chromosomal DNA from E coli in laboratory 9. DNase is used to help extract the Sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA. DNase should only cleave DNA not RNA but DNase can classify contaminated RNA from chromosomal DNA. Methods A. preparation :E. coli was used to extract the DNA as instructed in laboratory 9 to use in the experiment on analyzing in this experiment. There was 500 μL of the…

With the acid, HCl, the pH of the tap water went from 7 to 1.5 after 30 drops, indicating that the concentration of hydrogen ions increased significantly. With the base, NaOH, the pH of the tap water changed from 7 to 12 after 30 drops, indicating that the concentration of of hydrogen ions decreased significantly. These changes occurred in the tap water because there are no chemical buffers present in water. In the potato homogenate, when 30 drops of HCl were added the pH changed from 6 to 3.5…

1. What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide? Provide examples of each. Ans. Monosaccharide is a monomer that only consists one sugar but disaccharide has two. 2. Why is a sugar considered an organic compound? Ans. Because a compound that contains carbon is organic and the compound that doesn’t contain carbon is inorganic. 3. What are the three elements found in all sugars? Ans. Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. Lipids 4. What are the two main parts of a lipid? Ans. Fatty…

and found throughout the entire human body. Its main function is the cleaving of phosphate groups from mostly organic molecules, including proteins, nucleotides and even alkaloids, which makes it a hydrolase enzyme (Ellis, 2016). In biochemistry, a hydrolase enzyme is an enzyme that speeds up the hydrolysis of complex biomolecules like proteins, starch and fats (Horak, 2014). The addition and elimination of phosphate groups is an important process in biochemistry, as many enzymes are catalysed…

structures and chemistry of α‐FePO4 and β‐FePO4 as well as any alteration to FeO4 and PO4 when there are modifications to temperature. It also seeks to justify the tilting of the tetrahedral. The article by Haines shows that he had studied the iron phosphate, FePO4, at temperatures from 294 K to 1073 K and had found that the turning point between the 2 phases is at 980 K, where FePO4 takes on the alpha phase at lower temperatures (below 980 K) and beta phase at higher temperatures (above…

1) A. In 1947 Francis Crick began working with Max Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He began working on a new sector of the Laboratory where X-ray crystallography was being used in order to study protein structure. Crick's thesis project at the university was on X-ray diffraction of proteins. Crick then met John Watson and together they solved the structure of DNA using available X-ray data at the time and model building. After discovering the double helix model, Crick and…

In the human body, motor commands are created in a division of the prefrontal cortex (responsible for higher level cognition) known as the neocortex. The neocortex houses the motor cortex and thus is responsible for motor control, which is the primary impairment in Parkinson’s Disease (Kaas & Stepniewska, 2016 SD). Onset typically follows a significant drop in the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which in this case is generated from a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. The…

Cholesterol has a unique structure that includes four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the steroid structure. The hydrocarbon tail links to one end of the steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to other end. While the hydroxyl group is able to form hydrogen bonds with nearby carbonyl oxygen of phospholipid. Additionally, cholesterol is an amphipathic macromolecule because it has a water-soluble polar region that dissolves in water, but almost the entire is non-polar which does not dissolves in…

Homogenates of liver were provided. The homogenates were made by homogenizing liver in a 1:20 w/v (1g: 20 ml) ratio in a sucrose-phosphate buffer, in which 250mM of sucrose and 50mM NaPO, with a pH of 7.4 were added. This information was used to conduct an experiment to determine the concentration of DNA, protein, and carbohydrates in different homogenate samples, including heart, liver, and kidney of Bos taurus, while also looking for the diverse protein sizes found in each homogenate sample.…