Philip VI of France

pilgrimages and processions were a breeding ground for the transmission of the disease for the bubonic plague—which was spread by respiratory infection—could easily infect other individuals in places with a huge concentration of people. As a result, Clement VI had to prohibit them. Furthermore, the common beliefs held by priests were that the plague might have been a blessing, and part of God’s plan. Wherefore, it was inevitable. On the other hand, most scientists preferred to believe in a…

Between 1553-1558, Mary I experienced limited pretender threats, the only one arising from her decision to marry the Spanish prince, Philip II. The prospect of a marriage alliance with Spain was unpopular with the English people who believed England would be involved in wars without the support of the nation. His strong Catholic faith combined with that of Mary’s also stirred up resentment and fear among the Protestant population in England and as a result, a Protestant courtier, Thomas Wyatt,…

Peninsula, which established Spain as a major power on the European continent. Ferdinand and Isabella strengthened the power of the monarchy by reducing the power of the nobility, paving the way for later kings who ruled Spain with absolute power, like Philip II. For the most part, Ferdinand and Isabella made decisions about policies together, and their motto was “Tanto monta, monta tanto,” which means “They are one and the same,” referring to their joint rule over…

council, the Church enforced celibacy, provided education and training seminaries for priests and stopped the sale of indulgences. Celibacy was enforced by the Church in an attempt to restore integrity because many clerics, including Pope Alexander VI, had children (The editors of encyclopædia britannica). This benefited the Church because Catholics noticed the Church fixing their issues and returning to traditional values again. Also, the Council of Trent had the church’s clergy disciplined…

The 1300’s were a bad time for the citizens of the known world, which included Europe, most of Asia, and also parts of Africa. It was a time of horror, mainly because of the disease commonly known by many names, including, the Black Death, the bubonic plague, and pneumonic plague. This plague was the killer of over a third of the population of Europe, and was unstoppable in nature. It didn’t matter how you tried to safeguard yourself from it, it found you. In the face of such a seemingly…

INTRODUCTION The Berlin Treaty, which was signed in 1878 between Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Italy, revised the Treaty of San Stefano in the same year, was the turning point for Armenian Question and Eastern Question. As a result of this treaty, the situation in the Balkans was settled to a large extent by European Powers in accordance with their interest. However, the Armenian Question was suspended for the next decades. The decision…

Two courses of action, it was argued, were required. First, crypto-Judaism could only be overcome by the introduction of an Inquisition; second, Jewish influence over the conversos could only be overcome by their expulsion. These ideas, adumbrated in works such as Alonso de Espina's Fortalitium Fidei, continued to gain ground, and on 27 September 1480 the Catholic Monarchs appointed Inquisitors in Castile who began their work in Seville shortly after (1481). Conversos, often subjected to torture…

implementation of many educational reforms of humanism in Protestant schools •Ignatius Loyola insisted when the Bible and Church Fathers were read directly, they be read under the guidance of scholastic theologians: Peter Lombard, Bonaventure, and Aquinas •Philip Melanchthon - a humanist and professor of Greek - wanted to reform curriculum to the humanist model •His inaugural address On Improving the Studies of the Young portrayed himself as a defender of good letters and classical studies…

Unfortunately, some companies have mismanaged their greatest asset—their brands. This is what befell the popular Snapple brand almost as soon as Quaker Oats bought the beverage marketer for $1.7 billion in 1994. Snapple had become a hit through powerful grassroots marketing and distribution through small outlets and convenience stores. Analysts said that because Quaker did not understand the brand’s appeal, it made the mistake of changing the ads and the distribution. Snapple lost so much…

In addition, some of our ingredients, such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, saccharin and ascorbic acid, as well as some of the packaging containers, such as aluminum cans, are available from a limited number of suppliers, some of which are located in countries experiencing political or other risks. We cannot assure you that we and our bottling partners will be able to maintain favorable arrangements and relationships with these suppliers. The citrus industry is subject to the…