Philip III of France

led by Duke Rudolph of Swabia. After the Duke died, Henry IV was able to conquer Rome, and install a new Pope, Clement III. An event similar to the Investiture Controversy occurred in 1302 between Pope Boniface the VIII and Philip IV the Fair of France. Pope Boniface VIII responded to a challenge by Philip IV over the taxation of clergy, to fund wars between England and France. After the Pope excommunicated The French king, Phillip…

The Hundred Years War was a series of battles between England and France in the period of 1337-1453. It’s one of the largest conflicts in medieval history. The War had influenced these two country’s political system, economic development and initiated the rose of nationalism. In this essay, I’m going to focus on why and how did the English finally lose the Hundred Years War. In fact, the English was not always inferior throughout the century. They used to have advantages in different periods…

Orlando Roman Intro: International Relations 8:00 a.m. T/R Project # 1 The Treaty of Westphalia Introduction The Treaty of Westphalia was a series of drafted peace treaties that went on in Central Europe between 1644 and 1648. The main purpose of the treaty was to end the Thirty Year War in the Holy Roman Empire and ultimately ended the Eighty Year war between Spain and the Dutch Republic as well. A total of 194 delegations representing a variety of European powers came together to ratify…

The Thirty Years’ War, which lasted from 1618-1648, ravaged Europe for three decades aimed at the control of Germany by the Habsburg House that had ruled the Holy Roman Empire since the fifteenth century. This war was sparked by the Protestant Reformation that had begun in 1517. Though the war was destructive on all accounts, it did help shape today’s modern Europe. This essay will evaluate the Thirty Years’ War and how it helped form the modern state of Europe. The Thirty Years’ War was both…

Medici. This section begins with Part II. The Accession and ends with Part III Ch.II, Machiavellism and Maternal Love. When the last part ended, Catherine’s eldest son Francois II had just died, kicking the Guises, who had been controlling him through their niece, his wife, out of power. With no heirs, Francois was replaced by his younger brother Charles IX, who was only nine at the time. Catherine was made Governess of France, essentially ruling in Charles’ place until he was old enough to…

The rulers eagerly utilized these ideas. During the Renaissance Era, the “new monarchs” in England, France, and Spain attained control by developing taxing systems, manipulating government councils, and increasing their influence over the church; tactics which were modeled after Machiavelli’s “fox-like” and “lion-like” concepts of an ideal ruler. The…

Finn LeSieur Mrs. Stepp Period 7 May 8, 2018 An Allegory of Titian Titian was born in Cadore, Italy in the year 1490. He lived to the age of 86, dying in the year 1576 due to a sudden outbreak of the plague. Titian spent the first years of his life next to the Dolomite Mountains with three younger siblings. By the age of 12, he had already been sent to Venice so he could train under a mosaicist. This lasted little time. Once he left the mosaicist Titian began working with Giovanni Bellini.…

‘Crusade’ is a non-medieval Franco-Spanish hybrid that has been considered synonymous to the pursuit of a good cause. The Crusades were a series of on and off religious wars fought between the years from 1096 to 1487 under the authority of various Popes. The Crusades were basically fought for the recovery of the Holy Land. They were ordered by Pope Urban II in 1095, and within months the first Europeans had arrived in the Middle East to rid the Holy Land of Muslims. One story particularly…

How serious were the problems facing the Elizabethan regime from 1589 to 1603? The main problems facing the Elizabethan regime from 1589 to 1603 broadly speaking were Presbyterians, relations between Spain and France and the threat they posed to the Elizabethan religious settlement; the death of advisers such as Burghley, Walsingham and the Earl of Leicester which meant Elizabeth I was now surrounded by new advisers she didn’t know if she could trust; the issue of succession which posed a threat…

hugely significant, and in a letter to from Pope Innocent III to the bishops in England, in 1207, Innocent writes that John is 'persecuting'2 Stephen Langton. This source was written before the Interdict, so gives some explanation of how it came to be that John was excommunicated, with the country under an Interdict, as it provides evidence that the Pope did not agree with what John was doing. The Interdict imposed by Pope Innocent III in March 1208 could be argued to have had very little…