Philip II of France

THE FIRST CRUSADE The First Crusade was called in November 1095 by Pope Urban II at the town of Clermont in central France. The pope made a proposal: 'Whoever for devotion alone, but not to gain honor or money, goes to Jerusalem to liberate the Church of God can substitute this journey for all penance.' This appeal was the combination of a number of contemporary trends along with the inspiration of Urban himself, who added particular innovations to the mix. For several decades Christians had…

Mr. Dormer Global 10 20 December 2016 Louis XIV of France Despite questionable decisions, Louis XIV of France is the best example of an absolute monarch in the age of absolutism. Soon after Cardinal Mazarin died Louis XIV gained full power over all of France. During his reign, Louis lived a grand and luxurious life style, filled with expensive jewelry(among other trinkets), servants, and food. His central idea during his reign was to make France the central power of Europe. Since this was his…

utilizes the idiolect and thought processes of England’s nobility in order to show the varying levels of knowledge in treaties, land, and power. Henry II, being the King of England, displays a great sense of knowledge in the status of his empire as well as how to negotiate with neighboring countries. For example, when meeting with King Philip of France, Henry began the negotiations, stating, “Your grievances, as we have understood them, have to do with Princess Alais and her dowry” (13). Henry’s…

Thanks to the ingenious use of the longbow in the Battle of Crecy, the English king, Edward III, and his army were able to win the battle with under 100 casualties while the French having over 10,000(Kops). Because of the outcome of the war, the longbow earned the name “The Medieval Machine Gun” (Kagay). Many of the tactics used during the Battle of Crecy by the English army were considered to be great breakthroughs in warfare and were the basis of some of the tactics used in modern warfare.…

Crusade by Pope Urban II (Reilly 363). Fulcher wrote a history, split into three books, regarding the First Crusade beginning in 1101 until 1128 C.E., known as Fulcher’s Chronicles (Reilly 363). An important event regarding the First Crusade was the Council of Clermont, which occurred in the year 1095 C.E. Flutter states the possible reasoning for the chaos spreading across Europe was due to King Henry ruling Germany and King Philip reigning in France (Reilly 364). Pope Urban II, ruler of Rome…

Heritier’s Catherine de’ Medici. This section begins with Part II. The Accession and ends with Part III Ch.II, Machiavellism and Maternal Love. When the last part ended, Catherine’s eldest son Francois II had just died, kicking the Guises, who had been controlling him through their niece, his wife, out of power. With no heirs, Francois was replaced by his younger brother Charles IX, who was only nine at the time. Catherine was made Governess of France, essentially ruling in Charles’ place until…

deeds beyond the seas, his military excellence does not negate his lack of eagerness for the crown of England. It is known that out of the ten years he reigned he only spent about six months in England between the Third Crusade and his war against Philip Augustus. In spite of his fame as a crusader he was lacking as a king, he didn’t interfere with governing, being much too interested in demonstrating his military prowess. He was quick to leave England in the hands of two justiciars, Hugh de…

Phillip IV, King of France, declared his authority over French Bishops. Pope Boniface VIII responded with a “Unam Sanctum.” A unam sanctum is a document that states that the king has to obey the pope. This didn’t turn out to well. This is because Philip IV had responded with many attacks and threats. The first threat had been by Philip IV’s minister. His minister responded with “My master’s sword is made up of steel, the pope’s is made up of word’s.” This quote states that Philip IV can easily…

How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states? Monarchs in England and France struggled for power with the nobles and Church. The Black Death and Crusades as well as political and religious changes during the Middle Ages led to the expansion of royal authority and laid the foundations for united nation-states. The dominant force of the Middle Ages was feudalism. Feudal lords had control over the land and the serfs who were…

until adulthood. Throughout Mary’s childhood, Henry VIII negotiated several future marriages for her. When she was just two years old, she was promised to the Dauphin (heir to the throne of France), the infant son of King Francis I of France. Henry VIII broke off that contract due to ongoing issues with France after just three years. In 1522, at the age of six, she was…