Philadelphia chromosome

Metaphase I (MI) (Assembly of meiotic apparatus) During Metaphase I, Chromosomes move together along the metaphase plate. DNA replication, repair spindle function, and chromosome segregation are controlled by regulatory mechanisms of spindle assembly checkpoints (Elledge, 1996). The cellular spindle apparatus includes the spindle microtubules, associated proteins, and any centrosomes or asters present at the spindle poles. The dynamic lengthening and shortening of spindle microtubules (Mitchison…

syndrome and 5p deletion, is a chromosomal disorder resulting from the deletion of the short arm, known as the p arm on chromosome 5 (1). This disease was first described in 1963 by a French geneticist, Jerome Lejeune as a hereditary congenital syndrome (1). Today, it is known as one of most frequent autosomal deletion syndromes that results from loss of the distal portion of chromosome 5 affecting the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene (6). The deletion occurs at random during…

parts of the second sex chromosome. This condition only affects women and girls because the X-chromosome is missing or partially missing or rearranged. X-chromosome monosomy, X-chromosome mosaicism, and X-chromosome defects are common causes of the absence or alterations of the X-chromosome. Monosomy X occurs in about half of the girls with Turner syndrome. This means that each cell in each of their bodies has only one copy of the X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes. Mosaicism can also…

chromosomal DNA. Chromosomes can be circular in prokaryotic, or simpler single-celled organisms such as bacteria, but tend to be linear in more complex eukaryotic cells. The replicon, or the enzymatic complex that replicates DNA has limitations on its efficiency and capabilities. For example, eukaryotic DNA polymerase requires a short RNA primer to begin replication on the lagging strand, because of this replication cannot continue replication all the way to the end of the chromosome, and it…

a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus. Mitosis is composed of several different components: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Interphase is the stage that happens right before mitosis, this is where a typical cell spends most of its life. In the prophase stage of mitosis, the first stage of cell division, the chromosomes become visible as paired…

(also known as polydactyly), abnormal development of fingernails, short limb dwarfism, and over half the cases have shown congenital heart defects. Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome is associated with abnormalities or mutations in two genes on the number 4 chromosome. This syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic condition, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated…

Rett Syndrome Rett Syndrome is an uncommon neurodevelopmental disorder that is first discovered when a child is still an infant. This disorder is mostly found in girls, rarely is it ever found in boys. Rett Syndrome cannot be inherited from an early on ancestor, and statistically this syndrome affects one in every 10,000 to 20,000 children. Rett Syndrome has many side effects such as, teeth grinding and delayed development. Rett Syndrome is named after a physician and author who first discovered…

The world is a very strange place, filled with many strange disorders and diseases, but the strangest of them all is Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome. This rare genetic disorder mostly affects males and is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which include “self-mutilation, hyperuricemia, choreoathetosis, and mental retardation.” (Wilson and Roy 1) The first documented case of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome was in 1962, when a mother brought in her son (who was diagnosed with cerebral palsy), because he was…

We are began as a single cell, but by the time that we are an adult, we have trillion of cells in our body. This happen because our cells are constantly dividing and when they divide they make new cells. A group of cells form a tissue, a tissue form the organ, an organ compound the system of organ and then the individual. We all have this question, why our cells are dividing constantly? Cells divide to replace old or damaged cells, and also living organism can grow and reproduce. There are two…

still ongoing. The frequency of a child with progeria is one in four million newborns. 200-250 children in the world are living with progeria. The disease affects both male and female and all races. The inheritance of progeria is not on a sex chromosome and its dominant which means one copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause progeria. Almost always occurs in people with no history of the disorder. The gene change is almost always a chance but is extremely rare. Chances with a…