Phenols

Abstract Lantana camara is used as an ornamental plant which belongs to the family Verbenaceae. Is a small perennial shrub native to central and south America. Also known as big-sage, red-sage, tickberry. Is an invasive species. Present in many different colors depicting it’s maturity level. Can grow in variety of climatic conditions and soil. Is known to be toxic to livestock. Ingestion by grazing animals causes intrahepatic cholestasis and associated liver damage. Keywords: Lantana camara,…

of both CBE and CQE showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, phenols, steroids like terpenoids and saponins (Table 1), whereas tannins are absent. Table 2. shows the quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of CBE and CQE. The concentration of phyto-constituents varied between the plants and also within the plant. The total steroid content was found to be higher in CBE followed by total phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid. On the other hand, in CQE steroids are higher in…

a pure bacterial culture. Materials and Methods 1. One test that was used to discover the identity of the given bacterial culture was the carbohydrate utilization tests. This specific set of tests involved two broths, namely phenol red lactose and phenol red sucrose, and a Durham tube placed upside down in the broth tubes. These broths can be broken down by fermentation processes, which produce an acid, gas or both. The broth tubes also contain a pH color indicator, which changes…

Carboxylic acids are the most acidic (pKa around 5) and phenols are weaker acids in comparison to carboxylic acids (pKa around 10). With the addition of NaHCO3 and NaOH, strong bases, the carboxylic acid and phenol are much stronger acids resulting in the reaction proceeding in the forward…

Problem Statement Industries are generated waste water, which contain dyes and pigments in waste water. Characteristically high in colour and organic content (Grag, et al., 2004). Dyes are widely used in industries such as textile, rubber, paper, plastic, and cosmetic. There are many of dyes exist in industries and one of them is methyl red and through nano zerovalent iron removal of dyes from waste water. Dye industry effluents constitute one of the most problematic wastewaters to be treated…

The development of simple methods for generating molecular complexity with defined stereochemistry from easily accessible starting materials became significant and fascinating over last few decades. A simple methoxyphenol is found to be most appropriate precursor for generating wide range of complex cyclic and acyclic architectures. Several chemical1-5 and electrochemical methods6 have been used for the umpolung of electron-rich nucleophilic 2-methoxyphenols and 4-methoxyphenols to electrophilic…

Sulfur Brown 4,5,14,53,62. Sulfur Brown 14 is obtained by heating o- or p-(2,4-dinitroanilino)phenol with caustic soda and water to 105⁰C and then add dextrose, sodium sulfide and sulfur. Sulfurization temperature may vary from 123⁰C (under reflux) to 160⁰C (bake). Dyes from substituted naphthalenes: Brown dyes of this…

B) Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) Active components of the plant are believed to be polyphenols, including flavonoids, A-type proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, coumarins, and phenolic acids, forming unique and diversified profiles in particular organs, among which the flowers are the least (Owczarek et al., 2017). This work is the first comprehensive phytochemical and activity study of the flower extracts of P. spinosa. (Phenolic compounds of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) and influence of in…

Basicity of Pyridine vs Pyrrole The lower the pKb value of a compound, the stronger a base it is. Since pyridine has a lower pKb value, it is a stronger base than pyrrole. In this example, we cannot use either the steric factor or inductive factor to explain their basicity. Instead, we have to look at the hybridization state of the respective nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen atoms in pyrrole and pyridine are sp2 hybridized because they satisfy the following two conditions: 1) the atom has at least…

3.3.3: Phytochemical analysis The leaves and bark extracts were tested for some secondary metabolites like-saponins, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, reducing sugar and poly phenols. Test for reducing sugar: Mixture of 1ml or 1gm of plant sample is taken in a test tube and 10ml deionized water is added in it after this a few drops Fehling solution (1ml Fehling solution A and B) is also mixed and heated at 1000C in a water bath. The Brick red…