Pharmacokinetics

Zohydro is an opioid analgesic hydrocodone that no contains acetaminophen is a 12-h extended-release formulation. Its approval was against the FDA’s expert panel recommendation. Opioids have been widely used as treatment for non-cancer chronic pain. However, it may be some misunderstanding in the efficacy and safety of this drugs because of their potential misuse, abuse and addiction. In the early 90s opioids were widely used because their few adverse effects and low abuse potential,…

4.1.2.1.2. Artemisinin-based combinations Artemisinin (1) based combination therapy has different characteristics and mode of action. It has several advantages as fast reduction of the parasite growth, rapid clearance of symptoms, effective action against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, blocks transmission of gametocytes and delay the development of resistance. The derivatives usually have short half-life. If combined with other drugs with longer half-life, it increases the efficacy…

Clopidogrel reduces the rate of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or stroke, and those with peripheral artery disease. Clopidogrel itself is a pro-drug that need to converse to active form through CYP2C19. This has led to significant concern that drugs inhibiting CYP2C19 (like PPIs) might reduce clopidogrel’s effectiveness. 1 Siller-Matula et al conducted a meta-analysis study to evaluate whether…

pain, and much more. The dosage of Herron for adults is 1-2 tabsules, maximum 8 of it can be taken in 24 hrs, whereas, Panadol’s dosage for the adults is, taking each tablet in every 4-6 hours, of which, a maximum limit is 4 tablets a day. b) Pharmacokinetic of Paracetamol – As per medical doses, paracetamol works as a safe analgesic medicine, but the over dosage of it may cause hepatic necrosis. The tablet evenly gets distributed throughout most of the fluids and tissues, having a volume of…

Insulin was discovered in year 1921 by Banting and Best after a lot of controversy over it, for patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus (DM) [1]. Islets were described by Paul Langerhans, a German medical scientist but couldn’t correlate any function for them. Crystalline Insulin was prepared by John Jacob Abel of Johns Hopkins University in 1926. Later in 1950, Frederick Sanger determined the molecular structure of Insulin for which he was awarded with a Nobel Prize. In today’s era, Genetic…

Some people believe they should be allowed to own exotic pets because they are able to adequately care for them. These people feel it is there right to keep such pets. Should people in the United States be allowed to own exotic pets such as burmese pythons, tigers, and monkeys? Be able to have exotic animals in the U.S.A My reason is that not all people like the basic animals that we can have today,so I think some people would like to have more animals to choose from something different…

‘marijuana’, ‘anti-doping/antidoping’ and ‘drug testing’ (Heustis, Mazzoni, & Rabin 950). The purpose of the review is to “provide the scientific data to support the status of cannabis vis-à-vis the Prohibited List, and to further explore cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and pharmacology after acute and chronic exposure in the context of the fight against doping in sport” (Heustis, Mazzoni, & Rabin 950). The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has included cannabis on its banned substance list,…

Metabolism: The following section will discuss the ways in which the body metabolizes barbiturates, to be more precise, the pharmacokinetics of barbiturates. Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, binds, localizes, stores and excretes a drug (Tripathi, 2013). Factors such as absorption, distribution, and metabolism are variables that determine the drugs onset of effect and duration (Meyer & Quenzer, 2013). Barbiturates come in the form of capsules or antiesthetic, and can…

pharmacist must have knowledge of the medical interventions for clients that will support their well being and can assist other healthcare providers with a patient’s drug management. Also, they have educated on pharmacology, pharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, pharmacoeconomics, and other health, social and administrative sciences. Skills: Pharmacists are skilled at working as a team with other health care providers. They need to be able to communicate client’s information so they are…

There are two main types of side effects associated with the use of Hydralazine. These are an extended influence of the drug’s pharmacologic effect, where these is headache, flushing, hypotension, nausea, tachycardia, dizziness, palpitation and angina pectoris, and can also cause salt retention in congestive heart failure (Arce et al. 2006).these adverse effects can be described even within the therapeutic range, conversely patients may withstand up to 800mg or more daily. Hydralazine poisonings…