Peptide synthesis

1) Explain how the Lin et al. used the catFISH technique to determine which neurons are involved in particular behaviors (3 pts) Lin et al. used catFISH (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization) to compare the activation of c-fos expression during two successive episodes of behavior (either the same behavior or different) in the same animal. Through experimentation, researchers discovered that animals killed five minutes after fighting expressed only nuclear c-fos transcripts, while animals killed 35 minutes after fighting solely expressed cytoplasmic c-fos transcripts. Furthermore, after two consecutive behavioral episodes (of the same behavior), separated by 30 minutes, researchers discovered that most of the cells that expressed nuclear c-fos transcripts also expressed cytoplasmic c-fos transcripts —suggesting activation of the cell during both behavioral episodes. Using this information, Lin et al. had the animals engage in two different behaviors, separated by 30 minutes. They then measured the expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic c-fos in activated cells. Cells that expressed both nuclear and cytoplasmic c-fos were believed to be recruited for both behaviors, while cells that expressed only nuclear or cytoplasmic c-fos were believed to be exclusive for one behavior. 2) Why do you think Lin et al. found it easier to optogenetically induce attacking behavior toward a male compared to a female or a glove? Hint: Consider…

the necessary distance between the gel matrix and the ligand to avoid steric hindrance and non-specific in binding (Lee). Also, additional factors are ensuring that the binding groups are available, and exposed to other elements that make this link possible. The applications of affinity chromatography are varied due the bio-specificity of this method. It can be used with antibodies, nucleic acids, receptors, and other fundamental biological molecules. This can also be used to practically…

α-phenylcinnamoyl, naphthaloyl, 3-methoxy-4-phenoxybenzoyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), and tert-butylphenoxyacetyl (t-PAC) groups (Figure 2.1.7) provides greater resistance to depurination than with N6-benzoyl (reviewed in Beaucage and Iyer, 1992). It is believed that in the case of acyl-protected purine nucleosides under acidic conditions, the initial site of protonation is N7, rendering the protonated species more prone to glycosidic cleavage. Naturally, caution should be exercised in…

The trope of nostalgic and wistful people looking back on their teen years, the good years, approaches stereotype. Julian Barnes’s The Sense of an Ending, on the surface, appears to employ the same stereotype of a wistful old man experiencing a bout of retrospection for his lost friend and the times he once had. The narrator of Carson McCullers’s “Ballad of the Sad Café” in The Ballad of the Sad Café works with the same forlorn recollection of when the town was more alive. Both narrators use two…

Green Synthesis of Ibuprofen Green Chemistry is a new approach and perspective of chemistry that can improve human lives and maximize efficiency. It is a branch in chemistry that explores and examines techniques to reduce and eliminate hazardous and harmful substances. These harmful substances effect humans and the environment in multiple ways, the twelve principles of Green Chemistry can help minimize them. The twelve principles include prevention of waste, the design of less hazardous…

Evolutionary biologists such as Richard Dawkins1 , Paul Meyers2, and Jerry Coyne3, and philosophers of science such as Daniel Dennett4, Micheal Ruse5, and Peter Singer6 have produced differing defences and explanations of Darwinism, its roots, and its various implications within a Neo-Darwinian framework. In many cases, these have been intended for wider consumption beyond academia and have incorporated the promotion of Darwin as a unique historical agent, with Dawkins arguably leading the pack…

Reaction Journal Five: Functionalism This week’s reading was over the beginnings of the radical functionalist movement that was lead by Charles Darwin. Darwin was more concerned with how an organism functioned and adapted to change than the perception, sensations, and the structure of consciousness as his fellow psychologists Wundt and Titchener were. Darwin lived a life of privilege and traveled extensively during his lifetime. During his travels, he observed many animal species and made…

Richard Owen “What a strange man to be envious of a naturalist like myself, immeasurably his inferior!” – Charles Darwin 8th May, 1860. Richard Owen was known for many great achievements and awards in his lifetime. Richard Owen was born on July 20, 1804 in Lancaster, England. Owen was educated at Lancaster Grammar School and was apprenticed in 1820 to a group of Lancaster surgeons said by The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Richard Owen was later admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons of…

Charles Darwin and by extension, Alfred Russell Wallace, were heavily inspired by several intellectual influences while collaborating together on ‘Natural Selection.’ Some are more prominent figures, while others are an inspiration by proxy, such as James Hutton. Charles Lyell’s book Principles of Geology. Lyell’s theory that minute changes would gradually increase over long periods of time helped Darwin theorize and coin the term Natural Selection, and with Lyell’s encouragement, he began…

Assess the impact of evolutionary thought on psychology. Illustrate your answer with examples of relevant research. The notion of evolution, as described by both Lamarck and Darwin in the 1800’s, had such an impact on intellectual life that it has changed the way we study the human mind today. Darwin’s (1859) theory is still widely accepted as what we know as the theory of natural selection, and provides a structure for examining human behaviour. He saw the future of psychology as “based on a…