Peppered moth evolution

species lends greatly to this complex relationship. (Boucher D.H. 1985) To truly understand this interaction between ants and plants, it is important to look at why, how and where the relationship is present in our world today. Evolution of this mutualism comes down to the evolution of angiosperm plants. Angiosperms are essentially…

Insect is an animal category that has a hard body on the outside knows as exoskeleton which are animals with three pairs of leg. They are recognized the insect which have evolved from worm-like ancestors. Through research by today’s researcher, he found that, “these insect ancestor were wingless and developed without metamorphis, for an example as silverfish that were present today” (Barnes, 1987). Insects have a lot of interest as their habits are the most diverse among other kingdoms, their…

The novels "The Jurassic Park" and "The War of the Worlds" were written by Michael Crichton and H.G. Wells respectively. The former was published in 1990 and the latter in 1898. Both novels belong to the science fiction genre and deal with issues related to survival of mankind. Wells's novel might have influenced the film version of "The Jurassic Park (1993)" although there is almost a century difference between their creations. An interesting fact is that Steven Spielberg, the director of the…

ANT COLONY OTIMIZATION basics and algorithm 3.1. ACO algorithm introduction and basics The concept of ACO has been inspired by observation of real ants while wondering for food source. An ant while in search of food source lays a certain amount of pheromone trail along the path traversed. The laying of pheromone serves dual purpose to the ant. Firstly, it marks the path for other randomly moving aunts and secondly, it helps the aunt to return to its original source. Now, whenever a redundantly…

Question 1 1.1) Hemichordates share some characters with echinoderms and chordates. Pharyngeal slits they share with chordates. Hemichordates are the sister taxon to echinoderms as described by Ambulacraria hypothesis, then gill slits are an ancestral feature for deuterostomes. These gill slits are supposedly lost in in lineage but some researchers have found evidence for gill slits in extinct carpoid echinoderms. The Ambulacraria hypothesis unites echinoderms and hemichordates on the basis of a…

External features of Pigeon – Morphology – *The body of pigeon is spindle shaped (Fig.20.1) having a size of 20-25 cm. *The body is divisible into head, neck, trunk and tail. *The body is covered by backwardly directed…

Creativity is a natural gift of humanity. You can't create or control creativity, even with our advanced technology today that is able to tweak with the very core of our genetic makeup, DNA. Creativity is not woven into the strands of our flesh, or physical body. It is in our mind, born from our souls. It can only be cultivated and nurtured, not made. Communication is a natural asset as well. Babies communicate happiness with gurgles and discomfort with crying. Even without words,…

Toy Manchester Terrier 1. The full name is Toy Manchester Terrier 2. Other name used was Manchester Terrier 3. The country of origin is England, United Kingdom 4. The dog is of small size 5. The dog’s breed is Toy Terrier dog breeds (AKC) 6. He has a lifespan 15 years and above 7. The temperament of the dog is very high-spirited, powerful, agile and above all is very cunning 8. The height of a male toy is about 10-12 inches 9. The typical male weighs around 12 pounds 10. The color of the coat…

In order to be able to determine whether the drosophila Melanogaster fly cross will follow Mendel’s law of Independent assortment in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio a dihybrid cross was performed of cinnabar brown flies with wild type flies. It was observed that the mutant phenotypes became visible in the second filial generation, thus following the law of independent assortment in the first filial generation. It was also concluded that in the first filial generation the dominant genotypes masked the…

1. What is alula? - Alula is a set of feathers on the first digit of birds which permits a slot on the wing. 2. What is crop milk? – Crop milk is a secretion from the lining of crop of parent…