Penicillin

Name: Rawaa Ali Fadhel ID: 201510493 Echinocandins and Flucytosine as Antifungal agents.  Echinocandins Echinocandins are the first class of antifungals which target the fungal cell wall, also was a significant achievement in antifungal chemotherapy. Echinocandins discovered during the search for new antibiotics, as fermentation metabolites with antifungal activity. Three semi-synthetic echinocandin derivatives have been developed for clinical use: • caspofungin, • micafungin, •…

There are exactly 166 antibiotics in today’s world. Each antibiotic in the world has a specific job to do when it comes to killing and stopping deadly bacteria. If one antibiotic does not work, then try another one. Some antibiotics are very strong and can kill bacteria at the presence of it, but some antibiotics are not strong enough to kill them. Tetanus is a fatal, acute disease which is caused by exotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This disease causes spasms in the…

NECROTIZING FASCIITIS This is an uncommon disease. Necrotizing Fasciitis is also known as a flesh-eating bacteria disease. This affects every 1 out of 4 people. Some symptoms of this disease are weak immune system, consumption of steroid medicines, has surgical cuts or injuries on parts of their body, or had been affected by chicken pox recently. This bacteria destroys and eats up fat, skin and the tissue covering the muscle of a particular part of the body, and can occur anywhere in the body.…

Evolution is a very complex process that can occur over millions of years, as well as right now at this very moment. The articles “12 Examples of Evolution Happening Right Now” by Erin Brodwin showcases a few of the ways that evolution is happening all around, all the time. “A Possible Break in One of Evolution’s Biggest Mysteries” by Peter Brannen, is riveting in the language it uses when explaining one of the largest phenomena of evolution – whales. Both of these articles provide reliable…

To begin, a little history lesson on the development of this magical drug may be helpful. As early as 1895, the bacteria Clostridium Botulinum, was identified. In the 1920’s Botulinum Toxin Type A was isolated in a purified form. In 1946, the purified Botulinum Toxin Type A was transformed into a crystalline form so that further research of the molecule could be studied. In the 1950’s it was discovered that when the Botulinum Toxin Type A was injected into a hyperactive muscle it blocked the…

Bacteria are single celled organisms. These organisms cannot be seen with naked eyes. There are million varieties of bacteria out of which few bacteria are useful for our body metabolisms in day to day life. Usually bacteria reproduce very fast in favorable atmosphere. However, some bacteria adversely affect our health. They affect our health either internally or externally. These days with the rapid growth and advancement in technology, we have treatments for almost every bacterial disease we…

2 Ways How Brooklyn Hipsters Could Be Helpful for Science How many of you reading this article want to end hipsters once and for all? Let's face it, Brooklyn hipsters, in specific, are annoying, can't stop trending, and should not be tolerated with anymore. The only problem is they may actually be beneficial to science. Recent news has surfaced that there is certain bacteria in beards that can actually work as an antibiotic. As people know, many Brooklyn hipsters can be seen with beards, and…

Poop pills have been able to cure serious gut infections when all else strong medications fail. Doctors discovered a way to make pills out of healthy people’s poop. These pills are now being used to cure infections. “Canadian researchers tried this method on 27 patients and cured all of them after strong antibiotics failed to help.” What these researchers have done is they have proved that these pills have worked and have done their job to help cure infections. This is a serious problem. Many…

Bacterial infections have plagued man for centuries. Some of the oldest pathogens, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.is known as Salmonella Typhi and students could confuse them with any other of the many many forms of Salmonella enterica at first glance. We know this bacterium as the cause of Typhoid. In the world of microbiology, it is known to be gram negative, it does not hold the violet dye in testing. It is both aerobic and anaerobic. In other words, it is a facultative anaerobe. It…

Ototoxicity may be defined as “damage to the structure and function of the inner ear (auditory, vestibular, or both) that results from exposure to toxins” (Campbell, 2007). Exposure to toxins is often the result of the administration of therapeutic agents or medications for the treatment of other primary diagnoses. These medications fall into several classes including: aminoglycoside antibiotics, antineoplastic drugs, other antibiotics, antimalarial drugs, loop diuretics, and salicylates. To…