Peat

Literature Review: 2.1 Introduction Modern peat soil research focus on peat soil improvement using chemical stabilization since 19th century. The stabilizer that can be used for the peat soil chemical stabilization have increased in varieties. Ordinary Portland cement and lime are two of the most common peat soil stabilizer found. However, due to the scarcity of the natural resources, substitution for the peat soil stabilization study was done in recent. In this context, few of the researches that related to the peat soil basic characteristics and peat chemical stabilization will be reviewed. 2.2 Peat soil background and behaviour Peat soil is a mix of incomplete decomposition of organic materials under waterlogged catchment land. In Sarawak,…

The peat bogs at Lindow Moss date back to the last ice age and were formed by holes of melting ice; they are now a tenth of their original size. Bogs often lead to the preservation of organic materials, particularly human remains, being acidic, cold, and devoid of oxygen. The brown colour of the skin, leathery texture, and appearance of human remains preserved in a bog are due to a type of moss that grows in bogs and when dead, lets out a substance that causes a tanning process. During 1980s CE…

While harvesting peat soil for plants, you come upon a body. The body looks like it could have happened a month ago. You question yourself, is this a recent murder scene? However, it is a murder from thousands of years ago. Bog mummies are people that were accidentally mummified many years ago. They were people that were usually violently killed in sacrifice and thrown into a bog. They believed that bogs were a connection to the gods. The bog mummies were wonderfully preserved people,…

liquid preservative such as formaldehyde neither of which is optimum. The discovery of new Bog Bodies is becoming a rare which makes preservation even more of an imperative. The goal is to determine the optimum preservation process that is documented well enough so that new and existing Bog Bodies are treated right from the moment they are dug up, as well as into the future, so that as new scientific techniques are developed the Bog Bodies can reveal those secrets they may still hide today to…

The Kennewick man is a human skeleton discovered by two college students in July 1996. The students were trying to get a better view of a hydroplane race, so they went along the Columbia river to find a spot. While they were on the river, they noticed something in the water. This turned out to be the skull of the Kennewick man. After they reported the incident, an archaeologist found the rest of the skeleton. They were able to find 90% of the Kennewick man’s skeleton. The man was about 45 years…

Nowadays, forest performs a significant role our daily life. One of them is peat land forest. Peat land can be found in almost every country in the world. In Southeast Asia there are 27 million hectares of peat lands, of which 83% is located in Indonesia (Wetlands International, 2014). According to Wetlands International, (2014, p. 1) “Peat land is wetlands with a thick organic soil layer (peat) made up from dead and decaying plant material”. However, despite the fact that peat land has an…

areas are likely to be susceptible to erosion and potential landslip, resulting in raised silt levels in water bodies which can have an impact on aquatic species while deposition of material can affect vegetation. (SNH, 2011) 2.5.3 Peat Instability and Landslide Impacts Peat instability, either naturally or caused by human activity, can have a major impact on peatlands integrity. Assessing the likely impacts is extremely important for several reasons, not least that the hydrology of the…

Amorphous Peat Amorphous peat is a type of peat where its moisture content is constantly high which is more than 200% based on a case study by Kazemian et al., 2011. According to Huat, 2004, amorphous peat is also highly humified where any plant components in the peat itself is very indistinct or invisible with its colour of being more to of a darker side of a brown colour. This type of peat has high to medium composition of organic matter where, it’s fiber content is less than 33% (Huat,…

Brief: Restoring Peat Lands with Community Development Approach to Minimize Transboundary Haze Pollution (THP) Introduction After sixteen years from 1997 followed by 2005 crises, now Transboundary Haze Pollution (THP) crisis turns to annual. The latest haze in June 2013 named as the most terrible trans-boundary haze pollution blanked Singapore air in history (Onn 2013). Haze turns into hazardous status as Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) reached 400 (BBC 2013). PSI is an index to show day-to-day…

The defendant’s denies that the registration statement was false and pleaded defenses under Section 11. The liability of the director who signs a registration statements does not depend whether he read it or not, even if he did, whether he understood what was written or did not. The financial statements were audited by Peat Marwick. Peat Marwick claimed that one Many of the defendants were found to be entitled to rely on that audit because their own positions were not such that they would have…