Peace of Westphalia

Imperial and Spanish armies joined and defeated the Swedes at Nordlingen in 1634. The entrance of the French in 1634-1643 began with the Peace of Prague in 1635. The French declared war on Spain and soon took control of Alsace and Rhineland and northern Germany was conquered once again by the Swedes who brought the war to Bohemia. In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was developed which brought some comfort to the civilians, that finally after all the years an end to the war was in sight. The Thirty…

HENRY Kissinger’s last book World Order could more aptly have been entitled ‘World Disorder’. As he observes, there has never been a ‘world order’. Today, in a globalised world, as disparate civilisations meet in the midst of a historic transition from Western domination to multipolarity, constructing a world order has become an existential compulsion. However, the challenges in the way of achieving this are complex and daunting. Asian drama The most significant evolution under way is the…

The discovery of the Americas and the reformation of Europe had major impacts on Western Civilization. Columbus set out to find the Americas in order to find riches. In North America, the French set out to find a new passage way to China. In 1492 Columbus first reached the Americas. Amerigo Vespucci, led the voyage across the Atlantic, which ultimately led to the naming of Americas after Amerigo. Fifteen years after Ferdinand and Isabella expelled all Jews from Spain and the last Muslims out of…

In the Post Cold War Era, new aspects of security became apparent and led to the expansion of security; security was not only the security of particular states or people but the security of the international society and security was not only based on issues between states but issues within states. The Post cold War developments of security led to the concept of human security which emphasizes the security of individuals not of states. The chapter implies that security had remained the crucial…

conflict between the Kingdoms of France and England in the late Middle Ages. It began in 1337 when the King of England claimed the crown of France and ended in 1453 with French victory. It lasted more than a century but was interrupted by periods of peace. The conflict was divided into two periods in which the throne of France was under English rule. France suffered many defeats before experiencing victory led by Joan of Arc, who was burned at the stake in 1431 in…

an extraordinary administration for the kingdom (Steingrad, 2007). France became the super power in the European continent through the peace treaty of Westphalia and that of Pyrenees after the Thirty years of war between Spain and France. Louis XIV, king of France and Marie Therese, daughter of Philip IV of Spain marriage acted as a symbol for both countries peace…

By Faith Fatisal Andong 4354552 Citizenship can be said to be a form of identity. The French revolutionaries labeled it as a means of equality. Every continent, country or nation has viewed citizenship in a different dimension, looking at citizenship from different angles. Citizenship is a technical process in terms of rights. It was born in a way of excluding others from a particular society or association and this makes it problematic because it became a struggle of association. Ethnicities…

The Treaty of Westphalia also had benefits for Sweden. Sweden gained control of the Baltic Sea and gained other territories. Basically, all of this occurred because the Thirty Years War ended. 11. The Thirty Years war led to a balance of power. 12. The Thirty Years war…

The author of this source takes a supranationalist approach to nationalism. This stance is outlined in the quote, “The creation of nations fosters a dangerous ‘us versus them’ mentality.” and “It is [the creation of nations] a breeding ground for discrimination and oppression, marginalizing those who do not fit the national identity." A supranationalist view is identified by the author’s objection to the formation of nations in its entirety. This detail is what sets the perspective apart from an…

Should the UN legitimise humanitarian intervention? Humanitarian intervention will not be required in Europe for the conceivable future. Consequently, applying an archaic framework of international relations, typically entrenched in European thought and ideals, onto the modern necessity and moral imperative of humanitarian intervention is foolish. The primary contestation is between the importance of sovereignty and basic human rights. The violation of sovereignty, especially of weak and…