Pathogen

bioterrorism agents and are caused by microbial pathogens. Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be changed to increase their ability to cause disease, make them resistant to current medicines, or to increase their ability to be spread into the environment. These pathogens are very dangerous and have been…

through milk, a study was done giving mice and guinea pigs infected samples of unpasteurized milk. Results shown that the mice and guineas pigs were in fact infected with the infectious Q fever bacterium but only at a 50% of the population. This pathogen also does not continue to multiple outside of its environment in the host cell. C. brunetii is very environmentally stable and handles physical stress - such as ultraviolet light and disinfectants – in a spore-like manner, living in the…

The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is not only responsible for honey, but many different kinds of fruits and vegetables. Bees are agents of cross-pollination, and many plants are entirely dependent bees for their reproduction. Without bees, they would be highly stressed, and either would have to adapt to life without bees or become extinct. “The small little insect that works so tirelessly and quietly around us certainly is one of the reasons, if not a main reason, for the possibility of…

5.3 Responses to probiotic bacteria and microbiota Pathogenic bacteria are not the only bacteria that elicit immune responses in the intestine as probiotic bacteria have also been tested as a food supplement to improve fish health. Few studies have evaluated the impact and regulation of Igs after probiotic administration. Most of these studies showed an increase in IgM secretion and/or expression after probiotic administration (Picchietti et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). However, a…

developing invasive Hib disease. “We have found a lack of protective immunity against Hib in adults suffering from multiple myeloma and chronic renal failure patients. Such individuals may be at risk of developing invasive Hib disease if exposed to the pathogen.” (Nix, 2012, p 769-770) Two of the major conditions that are caused by Hib are bacterial meningitis and epiglottitis. Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Epiglottitis is…

Would you like to have straight teeth and good personal health? Then a orthodontist would be a good career for you. A orthodontist is not the only personal health job that there is. A dentist, a nurse, and a physical therapist are also examples of jobs who work in the personal health field. In this essay you will read about how a orthodontist can help your body and what an orthodontist does. You will also learn about the body and things that you can do to stay healthy and things that you should…

process in called transformation and the plants produced as a result of the transformation are called transgenic plants. One of the key factors that define success of potential edible vaccines is the selection of important epitope region(s) from the pathogen of interest. Gene of interest which codes for the antigen and the expression system should be compatible with the selected plant. For the production of plant based vaccines edible parts of different plants are mostly utilized. Fruits like…

form. Although these symptoms are less severe, a fever or a simple pathogen can still become life threatening for him if he does not receive immediate medical attention. To combat foreign agents that can harm his immune system, he has to take the antibiotic, Penicillin, twice a day to assist with his immune responses. One of the problems with taking Penicillin is its susceptibility to become antibiotic resistant against some pathogens. Because it can easily be resistant to bacteria, less…

immune to it. This immunity or resistance can be passed on from bacteria to bacteria through the exchange of their genetic material using some of the methods of horizontal gene transfer. As a result, the resistance acquired by one pathogen can be passed to other pathogens. 2) Describe conjugation in prokaryotes. Conjugation in prokaryotes is the method used to transfer genetic materials from alive donor cells, and is mediated by pili. Pili are proteinaceous tubes outspreading from the surface…

Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most successful human pathogens, which can be detected in varied parts of the world . ()Some factors including virulence factor and drug resistance are efficacious in increasing infectious related death rate. Firstly, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were recognized in the early 1960s, moreover, they considered as a nosocomial deathful pathogen due to their role in increasing costs and bedridden length() In 2010 almost…