Particle

one point, associated with the geometric mean center of the mass distribution of an extended system, known as the center of mass, always behaves like a point particle as if all the external forces, and the mass of the entire system, are on that point. In this view, all the…

laboratories worldwide. It is one of the analytical techniques used to identify, separate and quantify each analyte in a mixture. One of the primary drivers for the development of this technique has been the progression of the packing materials (particle size, packing technology, chemistry) used to impact the separation. The fundamental principles of this progression are governed by the Van Deemter equation. It is a formula describing the relationship between plate height (H) and linear velocity…

Research for AS91172 Billy Barrow From Thompson 's Model to Rutherford 's Model By the time that Joseph John Thompson confirmed that Cathode Rays were made up of negatively charged particles in 1897. The groundwork for the idea of the atom had been in the works for many years. From ideas from Leucippus and Democritus from ancient Greece who first proposed the idea of 'atomos ' meaning “inadvisable”. This idea of the smallest thing went on largely ignored in favour of the ideas of Aristotle,…

With technological strides forward, the Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century introduced new sources of air. By the middle of the 20th century, the effects of these changes were beginning to be revealed in many countries around the world. In the 1960s, an environmental movement began to emerge that sought to remove the flow of pollutants to the planet’s ecosystems. Out of this movement came events like Earth Day, and legislative victories like 1960’s Clean Air Act. In 1963, in an effort…

how chemical reactions take place and why reaction rates change for various reactions. Chemical reactions involve collisions amongst reactant particles or atoms to form bonds. The collision frequency describes the number of times a particle collides with others per unit of time. Nevertheless, not all collisions will be successful. In order for particles to result in a reaction, a Swedish scientist named…

Tiny particles react with each other every second to sustain our daily lives. These particles are called atoms, and they are the most basic and indivisible units of matter. They retain their identity through chemical reactions, yet they are so small that even the strongest microscope cannot detect them. The reasoning behind atomic reactions intrigued many intellectuals. To understand more about this concept, they had to comprehend the compositions of these particles. Although the scientist and…

Figure 3. Possible reaction mechanism for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Based on the findings from all of the used techniques, the species formed in the beginning are ammonium ion, oxygen and chlorine species. The decomposition products of ammonium ion were hydroxylamine, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide. The perchlorate ion loses one of the oxygen atoms and forms chlorate ion. The ammonia is lost in reaction through formation of hydroxylamine, which is formed in reaction between…

radioactive elements are alpha (α) particles, beta (β) particles, and gamma rays (γ). An alpha particle consist of two protons and two neutrons, in which upon release decreases the atomic radii of the parent material. A beta particle is a negatively charged particle with the mass of an electron. Since nuclei’s do not have electrons this is regarded as the decay of a neutron into a proton. On the exterior of a living being gamma rays are the most penetrive. Although alpha particles may not be as…

that on the far side of the moon, there will be extremely high concentration of helium-3 because the solar wind, the stream continuously flows come from the Sun with the speed of 400 km/s, containing lots of plasma, electrons, protons and charged particles, was stopped by the Earth’ magnetic shield [14]. Therefore, it naturally forms a perfect surrounding…

Fusion is the process of bringing together of small high energy nuclei and creating energy from their fusion. An example of Nuclear Fusion could be perhaps if a Deuterium and a Tritium collide together, it would create a Helium particle, a neutron and an large quantity of energy. Nuclear Fusion is very desirable because of its very nice benefits such as it would run better and cleaner. Nuclear Fission emits dangerous nuclear waste unlike Fusion which just releases Helium and a neutron…