Parathyroid hormone

Calcium Supplementation in Dogs There are many reasons why owners feel the need to supplement their dogs with certain nutrients. They may be trying to fill holes in their dog’s diet to ensure that the dog is getting the proper nutrition, or they may feel that the life stage that their animal is in requires a higher dosage or certain nutrients or minerals. Whatever the case may be for introducing certain mineral and nutrient supplements into a dog’s diet, it is important to understand the issues…

PTH is one of the two hormones involved in calcium homeostasis. PTH is secreted by the parathyroid hormone and is responsible for increasing osteoclast production. Since osteoclasts break down bone, the calcium stored in the bone is released into the blood, increasing the blood calcium level. This means that Gustavo’s…

a-1-hydroxylase in the kidney. The first hydroxylation would produce 25-hydrocy-vitamin D3 while the second would produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), which is the most active form of vitamin D. A-1-hydroxylase activity would be increased by parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the presence of low plasma concentrations, producing increased amounts of calcitriol. Enzyme activity will decrease when calcitriol levels are…

Chronic Renal Disease: J.H. and ESRD J. H. is a 55-year-old African American male who presented himself to the Emergency Department with a progressively worsening headache. He had a blood pressure (BP) of 233/134, with complaints of regular abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting and shortness of breath with exertion. Alert and oriented, he stated non-compliance with his BP medications and refusal to do dialysis since his initial diagnosis. Pathophysiology ESRD is the fifth and final stage…

Certain blood tests are performed to identify if vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus are low, this will indicate osteomalacia or other diseases present. Other blood tests that can be drawn are alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and parathyroid hormone, if levels come back high, the test is positive for vitamin D deficiency/osteomalcia. ("Health line," 2016, expression part 4 of 7) X-rays and imaging can also be affective allow Looser zones to be identified all through the body. If all else…

ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive disorder that is inherited or acquired. It affects motor neurons. Motor neurons are cells that are in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord and their function is to carry an electrical signal to a muscle and trigger it to contract or relax. Medical terminology, a means without, my is muscle and trophic is nourishment. Lateral is pertaining to the side/direction that is affected and sclerosis is an abnormal condition of hardening. It was…

response or nerve conduction velocity (NCV), which sends an electric shock to the nerves to stimulate and see how fast the nerve reacts. A physician can run blood and urine samples like, high resolution serum protein electrophoresis, thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels and 24-hour urine collection for heavy metals. A spinal tap, X-rays including an MRI, myelogram of cervical spine, muscle and/or nerve biopsy and a neurological examination all are tests a physician can run to test or rule out…

1. Limitation of transdermal delivery system Skin as a barrier to drug transport Skin Barrier function is mainly due to the outermost few microns of skin namely Stratum Corneum, which is a unique biomembrane. This extremely thin membrane is the least permeable layer of the skin due to its remarkable composition of terminally differentiated keratinocytes (compressed keratin-filled corneocytes) anchored in the lipophilic matrix. The lipids in this lipophilic matrix are responsible for many…

1. Distinguish between afferent and efferent nerves. Afferent nerves are the sensory nerves. They carry information from the world to the brain and spinal cord. Efferent nerves are the motor nerves they carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. Afferent nerves take in information and efferent nerves carry out information. 2. Study Figure 2.1. What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)? The central nervous system is made up of the brain and…

Over the past decades, medical history has had a group of diseases and types of illnesses. Some of these diseases are easily treatable, while others are killers, but the worst are those that still have no treatment or cure, thus being the dangerous amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig’s, is a rapidly progressive disease attacking the nerve cells. ALS is a chronic disease affecting the nervous system. This disease kills and cripples because…