Parasympathetic nervous system

Importance of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as a Drug Target Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found in humans’ central nervous system and play a major role in the peripheral nervous system, including acting as a neuronal communication channel; available at the skeleton muscle and receives acetylcholine purposely released to transmission for contraction of muscles. Additionally, they are responsible for the conversion of neurotransmitter bindings into electronic depolarization. Here, the…

To accurately diagnose hypokalemia and know the extent of the problem, a few tests have to be done. A full physical will be done by your veterinarian to evaluate body system functions. Blood tests will be run to determine the potassium levels of the blood. A urinalysis will be done to determine kidney function. In addition, an EKG will be done to see if there has been an effect on the heart. Once each test comes back…

The next journal article called, “Immediate Effect of Laryngeal Manual Therapy in Dysphonic Individuals”, focused on investigating the immediate effect of Laryngeal Manual Therapy (LMT) in musculoskeletal pain, in voice, and sensations of individuals with and without functional dysphonia. Individuals with this type of dysphonia suffer from pain of extrinsic laryngeal muscles and postural changes. Typically, the treatment for this type of dysphonia included laryngeal massages and postural changes…

oligodendrocytes. Several studies showed that there is an involvement of the glia cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, but in this paper the focus lays on the microglia cells (10). The microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) (11). Recent studies showed that the microglia play a key role in the process of brain development. They contribute to the control of pattering and wiring in the development of the CNS. Pardo et al. and Morgan et al. showed…

cause is unknown, it can be difficult to diagnose someone with the disorder. There is no standard test that exists that can be given to a patient to determine whether they have the condition. There are still questions as to whether it is caused by nervous system changes that cause an organic tremor of the vocal cords, or if it due dystonia, which is a neurological disorder that creates abnormal muscle tone (National Spasmodic Dysphonia Association, 2015). Others state it is due to acute or…

Physical dependence is a product of what researchers refer to as “neuroadaptation” which happens when the central nervous system neurons adapt to compensate for the continuous presence of a substance in the brain tissue. After a period of regular use, a person begins to experience cravings and these cravings can happen to any type of drug including opiates and caffeine…

The two papers Understanding vertebrate brain evolution and Comparative primate neuroimaging: insights into human brain evolution look at the evolution of the vertebrate brain. Both papers recognize the value of comparative studies to facilitating the understanding of the brain. While knowing what changes have occurred in the brain is insightful, knowing how and why those changes have occurred is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the vertebrate brain. The ultimate goal is to…

In the human body, motor commands are created in a division of the prefrontal cortex (responsible for higher level cognition) known as the neocortex. The neocortex houses the motor cortex and thus is responsible for motor control, which is the primary impairment in Parkinson’s Disease (Kaas & Stepniewska, 2016 SD). Onset typically follows a significant drop in the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which in this case is generated from a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. The…

How the Brain works... Have you ever wondered what an individual’s brain works before they begin to abuse different substances? The Brain is an organ in the body that is capable of many, many things in all reality the brain controls your every movement thought and everything that you do in life. You can’t even do a simple task without your brain telling you how to do it, things even such as breathing. Then to think how all of this can change just by deciding to abuse drugs or alcohol. It…

Parkinson’s Disease In individuals who develop Parkinson’s disease the nerve cells that produce dopamine in the substantia nigra die off. These nerve cells relay message that control body movements. The other parts of the brain that impact movement and become damaged in people with Parkinson’s include: the striatum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. The striatum collects information, and along with the substantia nigra, which is located in the midbrain, is responsible for sending impulses from the…