Papillomavirus

assumptions out. Researchers at the NHI found out that cancer is almost always preventable. They also found out that some viruses can cause cancers. That being said, some viruses can have vaccines. Cervical cancer is most commonly caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Because of The National Cancer Act, a vaccine has been made and the numbers of women diagnosed with cervical cancer have been dropping. Women these days get pap smears annually to check for cervical cancer. If they do find out…

So let me start out by saying this was a very hard topic to do research on, I even questioned myself many times and wanted to change my topic, but I wasn’t sure if that was allowed or not and I did not want to get panelized for it. Although, yes it was a very hard topic to write about it was a topic that, I felt personally was important especially in our day and age where we are politically as a nation. Right now in our nation we see that there are many people who do not want others to have…

According to the Henrietta Lacks, HeLa Cells, and Cell Culture Contamination in the archives of pathology and laboratory medicine HeLa cells showed researchers the way cancer works with DNA. “HeLa cells have been shown to contain human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 DNA11 and HPV18-positive HeLa cells have been linked to changes in microRNA expression... Routine Papanicolaou smear screening may not detect rapidly progressive cervical carcinomas; the new HPV vaccine holds the promise of preventing…

Diseases affect both human and animal populations. The epidemic is worse in a wildlife case scenario. This is because the animals are scattered in the wild. It is hard to account for the infected animals. Furthermore, it is even harder to avail treatment to the infected animals. Wildlife is very important to our ecosystem. Besides, they are a tourist attraction. Therefore, wildlife must be protected from extinction. Australia continent is very famous for koalas. Koalas are very…

Disadvantages of Vaccines What is a vaccination? How do they benefit individuals? Is there any harm that can come from receiving a vaccine? A vaccination is defined as the injection of a killed or weakened infectious organism in order to prevent the disease. Scientists make vaccines by first making the pathogen, or disease-causing microbe, in mass amounts in a laboratory. The pathogens must then be altered to ensure that the disease is not actually triggered. Alterations of these pathogens can…

PCR History The invaluable molecular technique known as PCR, or the polymerase chain reaction, was discovered by a biochemist named Kary Mullis. Mullis was doing research in the early 1980s at a biotechnology company in California when he initially thought of the idea regarding PCR. PCR was developed by a combination of several techniques already in existence; the synthesis of oligonucleotides and their utilization to synthesize new copies of DNA that were specific using DNA polymerases. Mullis…

This may cause accumulation of errors rapidly in the cell and its progeny. * Those in signaling (endocrine) machinery of the cell. This leads transmission of the error signals to nearby healthy cells as well. * Those that allow the cells to migrate and disrupt more healthy cells away from the primary site of origin. * Those that make the cell immortal so that the abnormal cell refuses to die. Hormonal changes Notable among these are changes in the female hormone levels estrogen. Excess…

The cancer is sometimes genetic, but mostly it is caused by the environment. Environmental factor in the development of cancers can be chemical, physical or biological. Chemical exposure to environmental carcinogens chemicals or substances that can lead to the development of cancer. It can occur in the workplace and in the home, as well as medical treatments, and lifestyle choices. Pollution from coal-fired power plants, auto mobile exhaust, and other sources. Burning coal is also a leading…

Sex Education is crucial information that children all over deserve in a safe and healthy experience. As mentioned by the article Global Perspective on Peer Sex Education for College Students “Sexually transmitted diseases and infections continue to be a public health problem across the globe (World Health Organization, 2006)” (Story et al. 81). All around the world, Sex Education is portrayed in different manners, despite being known globally there are still shocking numbers in regards to…

1. Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) can be ranked as the sixth leading cancer by incidence worldwide (1,2). Every year, there are more than 550,000 patients diagnosed with head and neck cancers worldwide and around 300,000 related deaths (3). Squamous cell carcinomas represent 90% of cases and mostly arise from the epithelial lining of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. SCCHN can be divided into three stages: early stage (I/II), locally…