Pangaea

New crust is generated as plates pull away from each other and can either cause sea floor spreading or new land to be created. An example of a continental rift valley is the Eastern African Rift Valley which is being formed as the Eastern African plate is moving away from the main Africa plate in a north-easterly direction. Plates move apart due to convection currents in the lithosphere. As the crusts move away from each other the crust thins, tension in the lithosphere causes the plate to…

Recombinant DNA is genetically engineered DNA that is formed by splicing fragments of DNA. Organismal cloning is the artificial creation of a new organism that is genetically identical to its counterpart. DNA cloning is a recombinant DNA technique where cDNAs and fragments of genomic DNA are inserted into a cloning vector and maintained during growth of the host cells. Vector is an agent that transfers genetic material into a cell or organism. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that find…

due to the large amount of calcium carbonate deposited by shells of marine animals thus resulting in large quantities of chalk (American Geological Institute, 1972). The shifting of continents as the result of the separation of the world-continent Pangaea continued on in the Cretaceous period that led to evolution of life on land and creation of new coastlines as well as an increase in the floras and faunas with the evolution of forest (Waggoner,…