OSI model

Agree, even if the router has infinite amount of memory congestion does not get controlled on the contrary it gets worse. Memory increase causes the rate of the arriving packets to be more but the outgoing packets rate decreases. Once the packets get to the front of the queue they have already time out over and over again; in addition, duplicates of these packets are forward to the next router, causing an increase of load all the way to the final destination. 2. Compare the following: • Flow…

15 – Mass media 1. Communication is transferring some information to another subject (person, computer), when we are expecting some output. We need two sides to do that – receiving and sending subject. The means of communication are newspaper, radio and television broadcast, in past telegraphs and nowadays surely the Internet with its social sites. The information rate has been increased over the years. They are more accessible. We know about situation in the USA almost immediately. It took…

I. Introduction: a) Definitions: Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is commonly also known as TCP/IP. According to https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Internet_Protocol_Suite.html NEETs: is “Not in Education, Employment, or Training”. b) Introduction: The world of communication technique has a lot of varieties after every single decade as a result on the humane intelligence and the wide range orbit…

non-orthogonal channels. \item Pico cell are having fixed serving capability. \item Each household demand depends upon the subscription of channels and concurrent active IP/digital TV users. \end{itemize} Considering these assumption and system model, a multicommodity flow is formulated to find optimal…

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are a suite of protocols designed for large-scale internetworks that span LAN and WAN environments. TCP/IP are communication protocols that are used to handle traffic on the internet and other networks. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). These are today the standard networking protocols and were created from a synthesis of a number of earlier developments in the…

Wire Rope Wire Rope Definition and Types Wire rope is machine composed of individual wires that have been twisted to form strands and work together to achieve optimum results for the selected operation. Strands are then twisted, to form a wire rope. The parts of a wire rope illustrated in the figure below. The core is the foundation of the rope design. The main functionality of the core is to support the wire stands and maintain them in their position during the lifecycle of the product…

Alejandro Carriegos 9/1/2015 Network Layer The main purpose of the network layer packet is connecting with the destination; it must be familiar with the topology subnet and choose the appropriate paths through it. When the source and destination are on different networks, the network layer (IP), have to deal with these differences. The services provided by the network layer should be independent of the topology subnet. The transport layer must be protected in the number, type, and topology of…

This protocol is classified into rounds; every round composed of two phases; Set-up Phase (1) Advertisement Phase (2) Cluster Set-up Phase Steady Phase (1) Schedule Creation (2) Data Transmission A. Setup Phase: Every node selects independent of other nodes if it will become a CH or not. This selection takes into consideration when the node behaved as a CH for the last time. In the advertisement phase, the CHs inform their neighboring node with an advertisement packet that they become CHs.…

There are two major components to the MPLS architecture and they are control panel and data panel. The control panel has a complex function and is used to exchange the layer 3 routing information (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IGRP) and labels (Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)). The data plane is used to forward the packets based on the destination address or labels. The routers that are capable of routing and switching in the MPLS domain are called LSR (Label Switch Routers). This routing and…

NETWORK CABLES Network cables are the medium used for information to move from one network device to another. There are many different types of cable which are often used in Local Area Networks. Most network set-ups are likely to use a variety of network cable types. Whereas in some other cases, a very basic network may only utilise one kind of network cable. The cable needed varies according to the client’s needs for example the size of the network (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), the network…