or nonviolent resistance

the growing resistance to antibiotics through mutations in bacteria’s DNA. Vestigial organs are organs that are no longer needed in the body of an animals. Endogenous retroviruses are markers in DNA that show a point where a big change in a species has happened, and are passed on to offspring. Bacterial antibiotic evolution, vestigial organs,…

infection. However, mice treated with just with antibiotic continued to suffer with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This experiment found that the small molecules created and given to the first group of mice were able to reverse the drug resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to leaving no harmful side effects. To create these revolutionary small molecules scientists examined the strains of the Staphylococcus virus. Two key components of the molecules…

Antibiotic resistance is a global health risk. Resilience to antibiotics occurs through the process of bacteria shifting and becoming resistant to the drugs that are used to treat the infections they root. In Tackling antibiotic resistance, Berendonk and colleagues state that “the magnitude of ARB and ARGs increasing the expansion of resistance among bacteria is not fully understood, nor is the idea that ARGs that are obtained by clinically suitable bacteria and environmental bacteria derive…

Back in the early 1900s, most people are expected to die from pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza and any gastrointestinal infections due to the lack of treatment. Even with new diagnostic technologies and therapeutic capacity, health professionals, especially physicians were unable to deal with diseases that were bacteria related. It was not until 1928 that Sir Alexander Fleming decided to create a ‘’magic bullet that target only disease-causing microbes and not the host’’ (Aminov, 2010). This…

Introduction Moro et al., 2000 described an increased antimicrobial drug resistance of Escherichia coli in the intestinal flora of swine as a response to heat stress. This observation was gathered over the course of four studies. Throughout the four studies, finisher pigs (85 kg) were utilized from a common source of swine which had not been supplemented fed antimicrobials for the previous ten years. Animals were randomly selected from a single pen and transported to the research facility 30d…

The 5 modes of action for antimicrobial drugs can affect the cell wall. It affects the peptidoglycan layer on the cell wall. It does this by breaking the peptidoglycan chains apart. An example of a drug is penicillin, methicillin and ampicillin. The second thing they can do is affect the plasma membrane. They do this by breaking up the lipids o the plasma membrane. Some drugs that do this are polymyxin, bacitracin. Most are antibacterial and anti-fungal drugs. The third thing they can do I s…

Antibiotic resistance allows harmful microbes to exist thereby posing a major threat to many species. These microbes reject the antibiotics used to treat them; this leads to more bacterial infections, increased monetary funds to treat the infections, dangerous side effects from the use of several different antibiotics, and increased morbidity and mortality (“Impacts of Antibiotic Resistance”, 2014). The healthcare system’s approach to this widespread, global issue may be extremely expensive in…

We first evaluated whether Honokiol treatment was toxic to the APP-CHO cell line. Cells were treated with various concentrations of Honokiol (0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM and 20 μM) for 24 h and cell survival was determined by Prestoblue® assay (Fig.1A). As shown in Fig.1A, when exposed to Honokiol concentrations of 10 μM or lower, the viability of APP-CHO cells was the same as untreated control cells. However, a significant decrease in cell viability was observed with 20 μM Honokiol…

The End Zone: Measuring Antimicrobial Effectiveness with Zones of Inhibition Introduction: A Kirby-Bauer test is a microbiological method used as a form of testing bacterial resistance, it’s also known as a Zone of Inhibition test (1). The way in which the Zone of Inhibition was determined in this experiment was by measuring the diameter of the resisted zone in 3 areas and taking an average. As numerical data was required for this it means that in this experiment the Zone of Inhibition Test was…

QUESTION NUMBER 1: LIST THE PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOTHERAPEAUTIC RESISTANCE Introduction: PRINCIPLE : Principle is an essential factors or elements that may have impact on the survival mechanism, which may either be from environment or the person taking the drugs or factor participating may engineer drug resistance. RESISTANCE: It is reduction in drug's effectiveness in which the drug may be fake , adulterated or substandard .Resistance is also the ability of microbes to resist toxic effects of…