Optic nerve

Know Your Body - Eyes Introduction The eyeball lies in the cavity of the orbit. The eye is acted upon by muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The structure of the eye ball has been depicted in the following diagram. Fig: Structure of human eye What is making up of the eye? Conjunctiva: It is a mucous membrane which covers the under surface of the eye lids and is reflected form the eyelids to cover the anterior part of the eyeball up to the margin of the cornea. The three layers (see the diagram…

images from an artificial retina grafted in the eye and restores the vision of a blind person. Visualize a skin-laminated plastic electronics small enough and flexible enough to bend with the skin is used for medical diagnostic sensor that can monitor nerve and muscle activity and then connect the physical world and the cyber world in a very natural way that one can feel very comfortable with. Or visualize a nanoparticle that is packed in a pharmacy which can deliver…

Neurologic and retinal diseases There are many different types of degenerative neurological diseases. The brain is a complex system and this makes the use of stem cells difficult to differentiate to the right cell type. The myriad connection between nerve cells and the complex interdependency with macroglia, which is made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and glial progenitor cells create a problem with creating precise structural reconstitution with stem cells. Neurological diseases including…

Illusion and sensory context does not come from the sensory information sent by our optic nerves but how the brain processes the information and relates them through our past experiences. In July 2009, Beau Lotto talks about the importance of context in sensory information in Oxford, England. In this Etalk, Beau stresses that “the sensory information that falls into your eyes is meaningless” and our brain that makes sense to these information are always changing. The speaker demonstrates his…

My whole life I have wanted to do something that reflects my love and compassion for others. Many people go through college not knowing exactly what career best suits them. A career should not be chosen by your parents or based on the annual salary; it should be pursued out of our own desire and passion. I believe that a calling, as opposed to a profession, starts early in life. It is a voice, the ghost of a thought, which starts in the back of your mind. It tells you that this, and nothing…

Introduction Eye enucleation is surgery to permanently remove the eyeball (globe). The space that remains (socket) after the eyeball is removed will be filled with an artificial eyeball (implant). Muscle tissue will be sewn onto the implant to keep the implant in place and to give it some movement. The natural eyeball may need to be removed because of: Injury. Diabetes. Tumors. Eye disease such as glaucoma. Inflammation or infection of the inner eye (endophthalmitis). A painful, blind eye.…

INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a multisystem chronic inflammatory disorder.1 The disease primarily affects the pulmonary system. It causes an increase in inflammatory markers which may develop into pulmonary granulomas. The disease may also affect the skin, eyes, kidneys and practically any system of the body.2 Patients require a thorough history and physical and systemic work-up with treatment focused on the most severely affected system.1 Sarcoidosis can affect any age group, ethnicity or race.…

Risk Factors There are several identified genetic and environmental risk factors for pediatric multiple sclerosis. Some of the identified environmental risk factors include exposure to certain viruses, vitamin D deficiency, and second-hand tobacco smoke exposure. The main genetic risk factors involved in development of pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMC) is variation in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DRB1 *1501 and familial history [1]. Genetic Risk Factors Familial susceptibility of…

and time upon which we have strung the world. They have no reality outside of the true mystery that is the consciousness that has created them. Zeno’s Paradox and the Quantum Revolution The full implications of the quantum revolution have not really sufficiently penetrated our classical understanding of the world. Einstein’s development of “spacetime” perpetuates the classical problem of proposing an absolute reality independent of the reality that creates it. Biocentrism reveals the ways that…

These trees also exhibit the misleading name of vampire squid which are in fact not true squid and are generally more related to octopuses (Yokobori et al., 2007). There is a current interest in squids because of their large geographical range and the increase in biomass of the Humboldt and Jumbo in the Pacific Ocean (Young et al., 2013). Squids appear to be on their way to becoming much more significant in their respective ecosystems and would be well worth studying. Squid also come in sizes as…