Onion routing

This protocol is classified into rounds; every round composed of two phases; Set-up Phase (1) Advertisement Phase (2) Cluster Set-up Phase Steady Phase (1) Schedule Creation (2) Data Transmission A. Setup Phase: Every node selects independent of other nodes if it will become a CH or not. This selection takes into consideration when the node behaved as a CH for the last time. In the advertisement phase, the CHs inform their neighboring node with an advertisement packet that they become CHs.…

the path is different. It means that the packet originated from somewhere else and that is why it didn’t take the expected best path. The only disadvantage to this system is that it is not feasible on path vector based routing system. A path vector protocol is a computer network routing protocol which maintains the path information that gets updated dynamically. Updates which have looped through the network and returned to the same node are easily detected and discarded [3]. Now current Internet…

COURSE TITLE: CN8810 SUBMISSION DATE: October 14, 2015 QUESTION What are Routing Loops? The following techniques are used to prevent routing loops: 1. Split Horizon 2. Route poisoning 3. Hold-down timer Explain two of the above techniques briefly with diagrams. SOLUTION ROUTING LOOPS Routing loops occur as a result of inconsistent routing table. When using distance-vector routing, routers can learn “bad” routes and send them to other routers thereby forming a…

A routing loop is a situation that occurs between two or more routers in which a packet is continuously routed between the routers as a result of irregularities from the routing algorithms and/or the routing tables of the routers. (routing loops, 2015). An example is when three routers are connected in a triangular pattern i.e. router A is connected to router B, router B is connected to router C and router C is connected to router A, when the network is converged, all three routers will have…

In this section the fast-recovery algorithm that makes TCP NewReno[1] perform better than the Reno[3], is described. During congestion avoidance if the sender receives triple duplicate ACKs, then it performs fast-retransmission and enters into fast-recovery. In fast-retransmit the sender retransmits the lost segment,sets the threshold value for slow-start as ssthresh = cwnd/2, and sets congestion window, cwnd = ssthresh+3 segments. In fast-recovery, the sender increases its congestion window by…

attackers apparently eliminate their presence in the network and make such attacks difficult to detect. The goal of such an attack is to violate the confidentiality of the communications by intercepting the network and sniffing or listening to the routing packets. Also, an adversary can actively influence the communication channel by disrupting, jamming or modifying the network packets and/or inserting false packets into the network. Jamming happens at physical layer which can cause intermission…

Answer 3:- A:- When it is very expensive and slow to access the external network then we use Forwarding name server . What is does keep the records of frequently visited sites in local DNS cache. This improves the efficiency . B:- Round Robin mechanism is used for load balancing . DNS hold maximum record of entry. In round and robin mechanism it allocate IP address to the requested client as per the availability and making the server highly available . Answer 4:- "in.addr-arpa" is used to…

Referrals sitting in Chatswood's outlet in the MAC - 1 suburb to shift across Referrals sitting in Epping outlet in the MAC - 1 suburb to shift across Gosford is the closest office to the postcode region - 1 suburb to shift across Blacktown is the closest office to the postcode region - Share the same suburb Epping is the closest office to the postcode region - Share the same suburb Epping is the closest office to the postcode region - 1 Suburb to shift across Epping is the closest office to…

In this project, Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is studied. VRP is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. It appears in a large number of real world situations, such as transportation of people and products, delivery services, garbage collection etc. It can be applied everywhere, for vehicles, trains, plains; that is why Vehicle Routing Problem is of great practical importance in real life. The Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) are the ones concerning the distribution of goods between…

QUES 1. A router has the following CIDR entries in the routing table: Address/Mask Next Hop 135.46.56.0/22 Interface 0 135.46.60.0/22 Interface 1 192.53.40.0/23 Router 1 Default Router 2 For each of the following IP addresses, what does the router do if a packet with that address arrives? 1. 135.46.63.10 2. 135.46.57.14 3. 135.46.52.2 4. 192.53.40.7 5. 192.53.56.7 g entirely with bytes is much simpler than working with individual bits. Answers: 1. 135.46.63.10 Using the first 22 bits of it as…