Oligonucleotide synthesis

Biology 201 B1 Assignment #2 A four question analysis on "The myosin-interacting protein SMYD1 is essential for sarcomere organization" by Just et al. (2011) 1.) Wild-type Fla Mutant (SMYD-deficient) In the current study, the authors used a zebra fish mutant known as Flatline (fla). This mutant contains a nonsense mutation within the SMYD1 gene, consequently, these mutants show disturbed sarcomere assembly. The authors…

combines an increased affinity towards DNA (RNA) with a hybridization that is highly sequence selective [28]. Due to modifications in its backbone, it does not degrade in the presence of proteases such as Proteinase K. Sequence-specific PNA oligonucleotides are labeled with antigen (biotin, or…

According to Simon and Farndon (2008), genetic disorders are abnormalities in an individual 's gene or set of genes which could be due to mutations in the DNA. Also, there are thousands of genetic diseases that can occur as it is estimated that the average rate of genomic mutation is about 2x10-8 per nucleotide per genome (Nachman and Crowell, 2000). Furthermore, they can be grouped into three types named single gene disorders, chromosomal disorders and multifactorial conditions (Milewicz, 2007)…

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide consisting of β(1→ 4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units in a linear form. Chitin is insoluble in water and mainly exists in two crystalline (α- and β-) forms. The α-chitin consists of sheets of tightly packed alternating parallel and antiparallel chains (1) and is abundant in the exoskeleton of arthropods, insects, fungi, and yeast cell walls. The chains are arranged in parallel orientation in β-chitin (2), which occurs less…

strand it must stop and start repeatedly, creating Okazaki fragments (Figure 1.3b) (Sakabe and Okazaki 1966). The terms upstream and downstream are used to refer to the 5’ and 3’ ends respectively of the molecule, due to this unidirectionality of DNA synthesis. A polymerisation reaction can then take place using the enzyme DNA polymerase, to create two new identical double helices from these single stranded templates. The complementary nature of the base pairing allows faithful reproduction of…

ions. It is the first member of polyphosphates. Pyrophosphate is also known as ester which is formed by the condensation of inorganic phosphates with phosphorylated biological compounds as result a high energy phosphate bond is formed. In 1854 synthesis of tetraethyl pyrophosphate was first described by Philippe de Clermont. Biochemistry In biochemistry Pyrophosphates are very important. The anion P2O74− (PPi) is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP, as a result of this hydrolysis ATP is…

Gene Therapy in Hemoglobinopathy Hemoglobinonpathy is the lack of a molecule or total blood hemoglobin chains. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. Example of the disease is alpha-thalassemia. This happens due to lack of one or two series of alpha-Zhlobin or beta (where the shortfall in one or two Zhlobin beta), for example, inheritance thalassemia is inherited through a recessive trait autosomal recessive physical. There are differences between the alpha thalassemia and beta…

Inflammation is a defense mechanism where the body’s white blood cells fight off bacteria, viruses, and damaged cells(Feeling the Heat- the Link between Inflammation and Cancer, 2013) . When pathogenic cells enter the body, the white blood cells surround that invasion site immediately(Feeling the Heat- the Link between Inflammation and Cancer, 2013) . The white blood cells then release a specific toxic chemical that denatures the pathogen enough to kill it(Feeling the Heat- the Link between…

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is named after the French neurologist Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne who first described the disease. It is one of nine types of muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration (Muscular Dystrophy Association). Muscle weakness appears in early childhood and progressively worsens; children with DMD are generally wheel-chair dependent by adolescence. Along with the DMD affecting the skeletal system, the cardiac muscles…

The study of inheritance at the at one of the smallest levels is referred to as molecular genetics and is utilized for many purposes, which include genes, genotyping, sequencing, cloning, etc. (Kelly, 2016). This allows for the ability to conduct DNA analysis revealing varying compositions and properties. For the following experiment the genomic DNA from Drosophila melanogaster, was utilized to be cloned and sequenced for either actin or 18s rRNA. In order to clone and sequence the specific…